长江三角洲地区大气O3和PM10的区域污染特征模拟

以TRACE-P污染源资料及上海市地方排放清单为基础,采用Models-3/CMAQ环境空气质量模型和中尺度气象模式MM5,模拟研究了2001-01和2001-07长三角近地面二次污染物O₃及PM₁₀的浓度分布及输送状况,并以上海市国控点2001年冬、夏季各10 d的小时监测数据对模型进行了验证.验证结果显示,Models-3/CMAQ对O₃和PM₁₀的模拟结果与监测值的相关系数分别为0.77和0.52;一致性指数分别达到0.81和0.99.模型对O₃小时最高浓度的估算偏低27%,标准偏差为-3.1%;对PM₁₀小时平均浓度的估算偏低10%,标准偏差为46%.模型已具备再现和模拟长三角大气污染输送过程的能力,且误差落在可接受的范围之内.模拟结果显示,2001-07长三角区域16个主要城市中,有14个城市O₃小时最大浓度超过国家二级标准,高浓度O₃可覆盖苏南和浙北广大区域.2001-01泰州、扬州、南京、镇江、常州等城市受本地排放源和北部大气污染输送的影响显著,大气PM₁₀日均浓度超过PM₁₀国家二级标准.长三角地区环境空气质量与污染类型受大气污染传输与化学转化的影响十分明显.夏季太阳辐射较强时,南部城市排放的污染物常以二次污染物的形式影响下风向城市;太阳辐射较弱的情况下,则以一次污染物输送为主的形式影响周边地区.冬季长三角区域颗粒物污染总体水平较高,这与我国北方地区排放的颗粒物在西北风作用下向长三角输送造成的影响密切相关.长三角地区的大气污染已逐渐从局地转为区域问题.     

Chemical Stability of Capped Dredged Material Disposal Mounds in Long Island Sound,Usa

Geochemical analysis and visual inspection of cores collected from capped dredged material mounds revealed that in many cores, cap material was clearly distinguishable, both visually and chemically, from mound material. Contaminated dredged sediments were disposed in Long Island Sound eleven and seven years prior to sampling, and capped with uncontaminated dredged sediments. Core data provided no conclusive evidence of physical disturbance of, or chemical migration from, the contaminated mound sediments. Obvious chemical gradients of contaminant concentrations, which we propose are indicators of chemical migration, were not detected in the cores. Heterogeneity of the cap and mound sediments in some cores made the interface less distinct. We postulate that the preservation of spatial variability of sediment texture and associated contaminants observed within dredged material mounds is a result of the dredging process. Preservation of the textural and contaminant history of dredged sediments within finegrained cohesive cap materials provides evidence of the absence of physical or chemical disturbance.     

DNAPL Source Depletion: 1. Predicting Rates and Timeframes

Given the relatively rapid rate of dense nonaqueous‐phase liquid (DNAPL) ganglia depletion, source zones are generally dominated by horizontal layers of DNAPL after a release to the saturated zone. Estimating the time required to attain specific source strength reduction targets resulting from partial DNAPL source depletion is challenging due to a lack of available screening models, and because little has been done to synthesize available empirical data. Analytical and semi‐analytical models are used to study general DNAPL pool dissolution dynamics. The half‐life for the decline in DNAPL source strength (i.e., aqueous mass discharge) is demonstrated as proportional to the square root of the pool length, the thickness of the pool, and the solubility for single component DNAPLs. The through‐pool discharge is shown to be potentially significant for thin pools or in upper regions of thicker pools. An empirical analysis is used to evaluate average concentration decline rates for 13 in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and 16 enhanced in situ bioremediation (EISB) sites. Mean apparent decline rates, based on the time required to achieve the observed source strength reduction, are calculated for the ISCO and EISB sites (half‐lives of 0.39 year and 0.29 year, respectively). The empirical study sites are shown to have faster decline rates than for a large, complex study site where ISCO was implemented (half‐life of 2.5 years), and for a conceptual pool‐dominated trichloroethene source zone where EISB was simulated (half‐life of 2.5 years). Guidance is provided on using these findings in estimating timeframes for partial DNAPL depletion goals. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Timber harvest calculations on a National Forest: A case study

Harvest calculations determine sawtimber flows from public lands and are closely scruntinized by a wide spectrum of forest users. This study examines the reliability of harvest calculations on a single national forest in New Mexico Forest Service determinations of an array of variables were reviewed and evaluated. The study revealed a lack of precision in Forest Service adherence to self-imposed procedural standards governing the calculation process. Timber sales have taken place on lands where such standards prohibit harvesting and these lands have been included in annual harvest calculations. Assumptions required by a mathematical model used by the Forest Service in calculating the harvest were not followed in the subsequent implementation of the harvest level. These factors suggest that the Forest Service could have significantly over-stated annual harvest rate for the first decade. Opportunities exist to improve the calculation, and benefits realized may greatly exceed additional costs of implementation     

应用Models-3/CMAQ研究长三角区域大气污染及输送

选用美国国家环保局第3代空气质量模式（Models-3，／CMAQ），配合中尺度气象模式（MM5）进行研究，模拟了2001年1、7月份长江三角洲区域冬夏季典型天气条件下大气层二次污染物臭氧及颗粒物的浓度分布及输送状况。采用2001年冬．夏季各10d的小时监测数据对模式验证。结果表明，Models-3／CMAQ对O3、PM10的模拟相关系数分别为0．77和052；一致性指数分别达到081和0．99。模型对于O3略微低估，标准偏差为-31％，而对于PM10则有所高估，标准偏差为46％。对长三角7月份O3浓度及1月份PM10的模拟结果显示，7月份长三角区域16个主要城市O3日均浓度集中在0．043～0．086mg／m^3之间，其中，泰州、扬州．湖州、镇江O3月日均浓度相对较高，均超过0．064mg／m3o模拟时段内O3最高小时浓度达0．276mg／m^3。1月份整个模拟区域PM10月日均浓度为O056mg／m^3，其中，南京市PM10日均浓度最高，达0．080mg／m^3模拟时段内PM10最高小时浓度达0.432mg／m^3研究表明，长三角地区存在明显的污染物输送现象，大气污染已经从局地污染转化为区域污染。     

长江三角洲地区大气O3和PM10的区域污染特征模拟

以TRACE-P污染源资料及上海市地方排放清单为基础,采用Models-3/CMAQ环境空气质量模型和中尺度气象模式MM5,模拟研究了2001-01和2001-07长三角近地面二次污染物O3及PM 10的浓度分布及输送状况,并以上海市国控点2001年冬、夏季各10 d的小时监测数据对模型进行了验证.验证结果显示,Models-3/CMAQ对O3和PM10的模拟结果与监测值的相关系数分别为0.77和0.52;一致性指数分别达到0.81和0.99.模型对O3小时最高浓度的估算偏低27%,标准偏差为-3.1%;对PM10小时平均浓度的估算偏低10%,标准偏差为46%.模型已具备再现和模拟长三角大气污染输送过程的能力,且误差落在可接受的范围之内.模拟结果显示,2001-07长三角区域16个主要城市中,有14个城市O3小时最大浓度超过国家二级标准,高浓度O3可覆盖苏南和浙北广大区域.2001-01泰州、扬州、南京、镇江、常州等城市受本地排放源和北部大气污染输送的影响显著,大气PM10日均浓度超过PM10国家二级标准.长三角地区环境空气质量与污染类型受大气污染传输与化学转化的影响十分明显.夏季太阳辐射较强时,南部城市排放的污染物常以二次污染物的形式影响下风向城市;太阳辐射较弱的情况下,则以一次污染物输送为主的形式影响周边地区.冬季长三角区域颗粒物污染总体水平较高,这与我国北方地区排放的颗粒物在西北风作用下向长三角输送造成的影响密切相关.长三角地区的大气污染已逐渐从局地转为区域问题.     

Assessment of air quality benefits from national air pollution control policies in China. Part I: Background,emission scenarios and evaluation of meteorological predictions

Under the 11th Five Year Plan (FYP, 2006–2010) for national environmental protection by the Chinese government, the overarching goal for sulfur dioxide (SO₂) controls is to achieve a total national emissions level of SO₂ in 2010 10% lower than the level in 2005. A similar nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emissions control plan is currently under development and could be enforced during the 12th FYP (2011–2015). In this study, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA)’s Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (Models-3/CMAQ) modeling system was applied to assess the air quality improvement that would result from the targeted SO₂ and NO_x emission controls in China. Four emission scenarios — the base year 2005, the 2010 Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario, the 2010 SO₂ control scenario, and the 2010 NO_x control scenario—were constructed and simulated to assess the air quality change from the national control plan. The Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5) was applied to generate the meteorological fields for the CMAQ simulations. In this Part I paper, the model performance for the simulated meteorology was evaluated against observations for the base case in terms of temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation. It is shown that MM5 model gives an overall good performance for these meteorological variables. The generated meteorological fields are acceptable for using in the CMAQ modeling.     

Accelerated carbonation treatment of industrial wastes

The disposal of industrial waste presents major logistical, financial and environmental issues. Technologies that can reduce the hazardous properties of wastes are urgently required. In the present work, a number of industrial wastes arising from the cement, metallurgical, paper, waste disposal and energy industries were treated with accelerated carbonation. In this process carbonation was effected by exposing the waste to pure carbon dioxide gas. The paper and cement wastes chemically combined with up to 25% by weight of gas. The reactivity of the wastes to carbon dioxide was controlled by their constituent minerals, and not by their elemental composition, as previously postulated. Similarly, microstructural alteration upon carbonation was primarily influenced by mineralogy. Many of the thermal wastes tested were classified as hazardous, based upon regulated metal content and pH. Treatment by accelerated carbonation reduced the leaching of certain metals, aiding the disposal of many as stable non-reactive wastes. Significant volumes of carbon dioxide were sequestrated into the accelerated carbonated treated wastes.     

Wellbore integrity analysis of a natural CO2 producer

Long-term integrity of existing wells in a CO₂-rich environment is essential for ensuring that geological sequestration of CO₂ will be an effective technology for mitigating greenhouse gas-induced climate change. The potential for wellbore leakage depends in part on the quality of the original construction as well as geochemical and geomechanical stresses that occur over its life-cycle. Field data are essential for assessing the integrated effect of these factors and their impact on wellbore integrity, defined as the maintenance of isolation between subsurface intervals. In this report, we investigate a 30-year-old well from a natural CO₂ production reservoir using a suite of downhole and laboratory tests to characterize isolation performance.These tests included mineralogical and hydrological characterization of 10 core samples of casing/cement/formation, wireline surveys to evaluate well conditions, fluid samples and an in situ permeability test. We find evidence for CO₂ migration in the occurrence of carbonated cement and calculate that the effective permeability of an 11′-region of the wellbore barrier system was between 0.5 and 1 milliDarcy. Despite these observations, we find that the amount of fluid migration along the wellbore was probably small because of several factors: the amount of carbonation decreased with distance from the reservoir, cement permeability was low (0.3–30 microDarcy), the cement–casing and cement-formation interfaces were tight, the casing was not corroded, fluid samples lacked CO₂, and the pressure gradient between reservoir and caprock was maintained. We conclude that the barrier system has ultimately performed well over the last 3 decades. These results will be used as part of a broader effort to develop a long-term predictive simulation tool to assess wellbore integrity performance in CO₂ storage sites.