固定化嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的制备及其降解羽毛废弃物的初步研究

以自制壳聚糖小球为载体,采用吸附固定法制备固定化嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia DHHJ),并将其用于羽毛废弃物降解。结果表明,采用3.0%(质量分数)的壳聚糖制成的壳聚糖小球的形态较好,经高压灭菌后弹性增加,呈多孔状,有很强的吸水性,有利于细菌的吸附固定和生长;在细胞稀释液中加入10%(质量分数)的壳聚糖小球,固定时间设为2d时,制得的固定化小球在发酵过程中释放的有效活菌数最多,可达7.0×106 cfu/mL;在连续10次、共计40d的序批发酵降解过程中,固定化菌的羽毛降解率和发酵液中的角蛋白酶酶活均保持在最大值的80%以上。固定化菌的发酵稳定性较强,能在较长时间内稳定、有效地降解羽毛,具有连续发酵潜力;固定化菌发酵降解羽毛的最佳工艺条件为:小球投加量50mg/mL,羽毛投加量25mg/mL,摇床转速130r/min,发酵5d。     

环境生物样品预处理中的微波溶样技术

微波溶样是近年产生的一种崭新的有前途的样品预处理技术，本文评述这一技术在环境、生物样品消解方面的近期应用。     

传感技术在环境监测中的应用及进展

本文拟就各类传感器在环境监测中的应用及进展作一简要的回顾及评述。     

炼厂隔油后污水的有机构成及混凝处理

采用GC/MS技术分析了炼厂隔油后污水的有机组成,并研究了不同混凝剂处理污水的效果,以及对有机构成的影响。结果表明,隔油后污水中的有机物质主要是C6–C8,其中酚类物质的含量最高;PAM和PAC混凝处理隔油后污水,可使污水中的有机物质总浓度及各物质的相对比例均发生变化,PAM降低烃类物质的效果好于PAC,而后者降低酚类物质的效果好于前者;在PAC处理污水时,同时投加少量活性炭可有效改变PAC脱除COD的性能。     

CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS IN AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF1

ABSTRACT. .Eighteen rural lakes in Lubbock County were sampled on a routine basis following runoff-producing rainfall for a period of approximately eighteen months to determine whether or not runoff from intensively farmed agricultural areas contained significant concentrations of nitrates, phosphates, herbicides, or insecticides. An additional fifteen lakes lying within a triangle bounded by the cities of Plainview, Canyon, and Hereford, Texas, were sampled one time during the summer of 1969 to provide additional data regarding the nature and extent of the potential problem in an area with a different soil type and a slightly different cropping pattern. Based on results of detailed analyses of approximately two hundred samples of water collected from the lakes and an equal number of sediment samples collected from the same lakes at the same time, it appears that the concentrations of all chemical pollutants in runoff from agricultural lands in the High Plains are well below the allowable concentrations for drinking water.     

PM2.5 assessment in 21 European study centers of ECRHS II: Method and first winter results

The follow-up of a cohort of adults from 29 European centers of the former European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) I (1989-1992) will examine the long-term effects of exposure to ambient air pollution on the incidence, course, and prognosis of respiratory diseases, in particular asthma and decline in lung function. The purpose of this article is to describe the methodology and the European-wide quality control program for the collection of particles with 50% cut-off size of 2.5 microm aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) in the ECRHS II and to present the PM2.5 results from the winter period 2000-2001. Because PM2.5 is not routinely monitored in Europe, we measured PM2.5 mass concentrations in 21 participating centers to estimate background exposure in these cities. A standardized protocol was developed using identical equipment in each center (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Well Impactor Ninety-Six [WINS] and PQ167 from BGI, Inc.). Filters were weighed in a single central laboratory. Sampling was conducted for 7 days per month for a year. Winter mean PM2.5 mass concentrations (November 2000-February 2001) varied substantially, with Iceland reporting the lowest value (5 microg/m3) and northern Italy the highest (69 microg/m3). A standardized procedure appropriate for PM2.5 exposure assessment in a multicenter study was developed. We expect ECRHS II to have sufficient variation in exposure to assess long-term effects of air pollution in this cohort. Any bias caused by variation in the characteristics of the chosen monitoring location (e.g., proximity to traffic sources) will be addressed in later analyses. Given the homogenous spatial distribution of PM2.5, however, concentrations measured near traffic are not expected to differ substantially from those measured at urban background sites.     

主成分分析法在三江交汇处水质分析中的应用

本文应用主成分分析法，利用三江交汇处的三个断面从1984年到1998年的监测资料对交汇处的水质做分析，分析前先对量化数据标准化处理，处理后提取主成分，并且计算其贡献率和累计贡献率，再由相应的特征向量得到主成分的线性表达式。结果表明：五项影响因素中，三个断面桔水期均受亚硝酸盐氮的影响比较大，丰水期和平水期均受悬浮物和化学需氧量的影响比较大。交汇前，小南门断面的水质综合污染最严重，凉姜沟断面的水质综合污染最轻；交汇后，三江口断面的水质在两者的缓冲下，水质综合污染居中。则说明主成分分析法为河流的综合治理提供了科学依据。     

壳聚糖-丙烯酰胺-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵三元接枝共聚物的合成及应用

在N2保护下，以硝硬驱铈铵为引发剂，将壳聚糖（CTS）、丙烯酰胺（AM）及二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DMDAAC）接枝共聚得到CTS-AM-DMDAAC三元接枝共聚物，考察了反应条件对接枝共聚反应的影响。实验结果表明，在反应温度50℃、反应时间5-6h，m（CTS）：m（AM）：m（DMAAAC）=1：6：0.67、c（Ce^4＋）=0.8mmol/L的最佳反应条件下，接枝共聚反应的接枝率和接枝效率分别为64%和10.5%。用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对CTS-AM-DMDAAC进行了表征。絮凝实验结果表明：CTS-AM-DMDAAC对高岭土水样具有较强的絮凝能力，可在很宽的pH范围内使用。用CTS-AM-DMDAAC处理COD为165.5mg/L的啤酒生产废水，COD去除率达90.1%.     

基于双层优化模型的流域初始二维水权耦合配置

结合新时期我国实行的最严格水资源管理制度,基于用水总量控制、用水效率控制、水功能区限制纳污三条红线控制约束条件,将流域初始取水权与排污权作为研究对象,根据流域初始水权配置的主从递阶思想,构建流域初始二维水权耦合配置的双层优化模型,实现流域初始取水权与排污权在不同区域及其不同部门之间的合理配置。从经济角度体现流域整体的经济效益最大化,从社会角度体现流域内区域之间的协调发展,从生态角度体现流域允许最大水污染物排放总量的严格控制。最终,实现流域初始水权配置中社会、经济以及生态目标的集成化,水资源数量与质量的相统一,提高流域内不同区域不同用水部门的用水效率、水污染物排放绩效,消除流域内不同区域之间的用水矛盾、水污染物排放冲突。并基于交互式决策理论,提出基于满意度的主从递阶交互式迭代算法对流域初始水权配置模型进行求解。结合案例分析,进一步验证了模型的有效性与算法的可行性。