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81.
Uptake, clearance and disposition of 14C-labelled 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP) and 14C-diphenyl phosphate (DPP) by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were investigated using short-term static exposures. Bioconcentration factors of 1314 and 0.3 were calculated for EHDP and DPP, respectively. Highest levels of radioactivity were found in liver and intestine following exposure to 60 μg/L EHDP. A portion (up to 40%) of the radioactivity in each tissue was in the form of DPP while a similar portion was extractable with methanol but could not be identified. 相似文献
82.
A monitoring survey was conducted during 1984 on the Ochre and Turtle Rivers, which flow into Dauphin Lake in western Manitoba, Canada, to determine levels of the herbicides MCPA, diclofop-methyl, dicamba, bromoxynil, 2,4-D, triallate and trifluralin which were widely used in each watershed. Triallate concentrations exceeded 4 ng/L in 50% and 10% of the 21 samples taken from each of the Turtle and Ochre River, respectively, during the period March to October 1984. Trifluralin concentrations exceeded 3 ng/L in 14% and 10% of the samples from the respective rivers. Maximum concentrations did not exceed 25 ng/L and were unrelated to changes in river flow. Bromoxynil and diclofop were detected in the Turtle River, at concentrations of 113 and 476 ng/L, respectively, following a major high water event in late June, but were undetectable (less than 2 and 12 ng/L, respectively) at other sampling times. Dicamba and 2,4-D were detectable throughout most of the sampling period in both rivers at low levels (less than 100 ng/L). High levels of dicamba and 2,4-D (5476 and 2568 ng/L respectively) were found in water from the Turtle River prior to the high water event event possibly caused by spraying of ditches or rights-of-way near the river. Discharges (grams/year) of all seven herbicides monitored in the study represented less than 0.1% of the amounts estimated to be used in each watershed. Unit loadings (mg/ha/year) of 2,4-D and dicamba were similar to those reported for Southern Ontario streams in the mid-1970's. The results indicate that herbicide contamination of Manitoba streams draining agricultural areas is generally low except when major runoff occurs during the application period in May and June. 相似文献
83.
H J Geyer A Kaune K W Schramm G Rimkus I Scheunert R Brüggemann J Altschuh C E Steinberg W Vetter A Kettrup D C Muir 《Chemosphere》1999,39(4):655-663
Polychlorinated bornanes, the main components of Toxaphene, are bioconcentrated in aquatic organisms to a high extent. However, up to this time no bioconcentration tests with individual chlorinated bornanes in aquatic organisms have been performed. Therefore, the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of seven selected persistent chlorinated bornane congeners which are regularly found in aquatic organisms, were predicted from their n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log Kow). Furthermore, these BCF values were compared with the measured bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in zooplankton and different fish species from the aquatic environment. 相似文献
84.
85.
Principal Biogeochemical Factors Affecting the Speciation And Transport of Mercury through the terrestrial environment 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
It is increasingly becoming known that mercury transport and speciation in the terrestrial environment play major roles in methyl-mercury bioaccumulation potential in surface water. This review discusses the principal biogeochemical reactions affecting the transport and speciation of mercury in the terrestrial watershed. The issues presented are mercury-ligand formation, mercury adsorption/desorption, and elemental mercury reduction and volatilization. In terrestrial environments, OH–, Cl– and S– ions have the largest influence on ligand formation. Under oxidized surface soil conditions Hg(OH)2, HgCl2, HgOH+, HgS, and Hg0 are the predominant inorganic mercury forms. In reduced environments, common mercury forms are HgSH+, HgOHSH, and HgClSH. Many of these mercury forms are further bound to organic and inorganic ligands. Mercury adsorption to mineral and organic surfaces is mainly dictated by two factors: pH and dissolved ions. An increase in Cl– concentration and a decrease in pH can, together or separately, decrease mercury adsorption. Clay and organic soils have the highest capability of adsorbing mercury. Important parameters that increase abiotic inorganic mercury reduction are availability of electron donors, low redox potential, and sunlight intensity. Primary factors that increase volatilization are soil permeability and temperature. A decrease in mercury adsorption and an increase in soil moisture will also increase volatilization. The effect of climate on biogeochemical reactions in the terrestrial watershed indicates mercury speciation and transport to receiving water will vary on a regional basis. 相似文献
86.
Aaron D. Peacock David B. Hedrick Philip E. Long Kelly P. Nevin Charles T. Resch Derek R. Lovley David C. White 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2011,21(4):85-106
At the Old Rifle uranium mill‐tailing site in eastern Colorado, a test of subsurface amendment with acetate to stimulate the reductive immobilization of uranium was monitored by using lipid biomarker analysis and incorporation of 13C‐labeled acetate into lipid biomarkers. Both sediment and groundwater samples were analyzed. Within 7 days of acetate addition, groundwater microbial biomass increased by a factor of 5, and remained higher than control values in most samples for the 28 days sampled. At 29 days after the beginning of acetate amendment, 4 of 12 sediment samples had microbial biomass greater than the 95 percent confidence interval of controls. The mole percents of the phospholipid fatty acids 16:1ω7c and 16:1ω5c increased over control values upon acetate amendment, and incorporated high levels of 13C from labeled acetate in groundwater and sediment samples. 16:1ω7c is a biomarker for Geobacter, and evidence is provided that 16:1ω5c represents an unidentified iron‐reducing bacterium, probably a member of the Desulfobulbaceae. Biomarkers for organisms other than iron‐reducing bacteria, iso‐ and anteiso‐branched fatty acids and 18:1ω9c, decreased upon acetate amendment, and had their highest stable isotope incorporation at least 4 days after labeled acetate amendment ended, evidence for carbon‐sharing between iron‐reducers and other microorganisms. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
87.
Kjetil Sagerup Vladimir Savinov Tatiana Savinova Vadim Kuklin Derek C.G. Muir Geir W. Gabrielsen 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(8-9):2282-2290
The prediction of a higher parasite infection as a consequence of an impaired immune system with increasing persistent organic pollution (POP) and heavy metal levels were investigated in adult glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) from Svalbard. The levels of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), toxaphenes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in liver. Cupper, cadmium, lead, mercury, selenium and zinc were measured in kidney samples. An elevated ratio of PCB-118 was found, suggesting that local contamination from the settlement was detectable in the glaucous gull. Eight cestodes, four nematodes, two acanthocephalan and three trematode helminth species were found in the intestine. A positive correlation was found between cestode intensities and selenium levels and between acanthocephalan intensities and mercury levels. No correlation was found between parasite intensities and POP concentrations. It is concluded that the contaminant levels found in glaucous gulls do not cause immune suppression severe enough to affect parasite intensity. 相似文献
88.
Levels and temporal trends of the hexachlorocyclohexane isomers alpha-, beta- and gamma-HCH were analysed in blubber of juvenile ringed seals from West Greenland (1994 to 2006) and juvenile and adult ringed seals from East Greenland (1986 to 2006). No significant differences in the concentration levels in the juvenile seals were found between East and West Greenland for any of the three isomers. alpha-HCH concentrations were not significantly different between juvenile and adult ringed seals from East Greenland, whereas beta- and gamma-HCH concentrations were significantly higher in adult ringed seals. alpha- and beta-HCH in Greenland ringed seals were approximately a factor two lower than in the Canadian Arctic, and alpha-HCH was a factor 2-3 higher than in ringed seals from an area east of Svalbard, Norway. Annual decreases in ringed seals from Greenland during the study periods were detected to be 9.1-11.7%, 1.4-3.9% and 6.0-6.4% for alpha-, beta- and gamma-HCH, respectively, being quite similar in both East and West Greenland. Similar levels and trends in East and West Greenland support the general understanding of the pathways of HCH isomers to and in the Arctic. 相似文献
89.
G.P. Rawn G.R.B. Webster D.C.G. Muir 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):463-486
Abstract In 1979 and 1980, outdoor artificial ponds were treated with 14C‐pennethrin (labelled at either the cyclopropyl or methylene position) at 0.028 kg/ha (15 ug/L). Uptake of permethrin by duckweed and hydrosoil was monitored by direct combustion, TLC‐autoradiography, HPLC, and liquid scintillation counting. Rapid loss of permethrin from the waiter coincided with the detection of five degradation products in the water at concentrations below 2.0 ug/L. The products were cis‐ and trans‐cyclopropyl acid, phenoxybenzoic acid, and phenoxybenzyl alcohol, and an unknown non‐cleaved product of permethrin. Permethrin was readily sorbed by duckweed but was not persistent. Permethrin residues in the hydrosoil, which was the major sink for permethrin added to the ponds, were persistent and were detected at 420 days post‐treatment. Cis‐permethrin was more persistent in the hydrosoil than the trans‐permethrin. The results indicated that permethrin in water was short‐lived at an application rate of 15 ug/L because of the rapid degradation of permethrin in the water and sorption of permethrin by the hydrosoil and vegetation. However, at one year post‐treatment, permethrin residues were still detected in the hydrosoil at 1.0 ug/kg. 相似文献
90.
Carla Roncoli Paul Kirshen Derek Etkin Moussa Sanon Léopold Somé Youssouf Dembélé Bienvenue J. Sanfo Jacqueline Zoungrana Gerrit Hoogenboom 《Environmental management》2009,44(4):695-711
This study focuses on the potential role of technical and institutional innovations for improving water management in a multi-user context in Burkina Faso. We focus on a system centered on three reservoirs that capture the waters of the Upper Comoé River Basin and servicing a diversity of users, including a sugar manufacturing company, a urban water supply utility, a farmer cooperative, and other downstream users. Due to variable and declining rainfall and expanding users’ needs, drastic fluctuations in water supply and demand occur during each dry season. A decision support tool was developed through participatory research to enable users to assess the impact of alternative release and diversion schedules on deficits faced by each user. The tool is meant to be applied in the context of consultative planning by a local user committee that has been created by a new national integrated water management policy. We contend that both solid science and good governance are instrumental in realizing efficient and equitable water management and adaptation to climate variability and change. But, while modeling tools and negotiation platforms may assist users in managing climate risk, they also introduce additional uncertainties into the deliberative process. It is therefore imperative to understand how these technological and institutional innovations frame water use issues and decisions to ensure that such framing is consistent with the goals of integrated water resource management. 相似文献