Multivariate analysis of drinking water quality parameters in Bhopal, India

Pollution of water bodies is one of the areas of major concern to environmentalists. Water quality is an index of health and well being of a society. Industrialization, urbanization and modern agriculture practices have direct impact on the water resources. These factors influence the water resources quantitatively and qualitatively. The study area selected were the Upper lake and Kolar reservoir of Bhopal, the state capital of Madhya Pradesh, India. The Upper lake and Kolar reservoir both are the important sources of potable water supply for the Bhopal city. The physico–chemical parameters like temperature, pH, turbidity, total hardness, alkalinity, BOD, COD, Chloride, nitrate and phosphate were studied to ascertain the drinking water quality.     

Effects of Regional Reductions in Sulphur Deposition on the Chemical and Biological Recovery of Lakes within Killarney Park, Ontario, Canada

The lakes in KillarneyProvincial Park, located 40–60 km southwest ofSudbury, Ontario, were some of the first lakesin North America to be acidified by atmosphericpollutants. Acidification affected thousandsof fish and invertebrate populations in dozensof lakes. Since the 1970's, water quality hasimproved in response to atmospheric pollutionreductions and some lakes have alreadyrecovered to approximately their pre-industrialpH levels, as inferred from diatom microfossilsin lake sediments. Since the 1970's, fishspecies richness has not changed substantially,but zooplankton species richness has increasedin acidified lakes. The critical sulphur load,the amount of SO₂-derived acid depositionthat can occur while still maintaining suitable water quality, was estimated to beexceeded in 38% of the park area in 1997. Depending on which of four possible NorthAmerican emission control scenarios (CLR =currently legislated reduction; CLR + 25%; CLR+ 50%; CLR + 75%) is achieved by 2010, theprojected critical loads will be exceeded inabout 0-30% of the park area in the future. There are many factors that can affectbiological recovery rates of damaged lakes, butit is expected that biological recovery willlag considerably behind observed chemicalrecovery rates.     

酸沉降作用的降低和安大略省基拉尼湖泊的化学恢复

毗邻加拿大安大略省萨德伯里市的基拉尼公园中的湖泊都表现出明显的水质变化,其中包括pH值和碱度的普遍增加,SO2- 4、碱基阳离子和金属浓度的减少.经过数十年的改善,尽管一些湖泊的pH值已经大于6,但仍有许多湖泊的湖水酸度却一直很高.过去,萨德伯里金属冶炼厂排放引起的过高的硫沉降左右了这一地区的酸化过程.然而,自从冶炼厂的硫排放被严格控制之后(排放量降低了90%),萨德伯里地区的硫排放就不再是该地区最主要的硫沉降源了.目前,基拉尼地区的SO2- 4湿沉降和湖水中SO2- 4浓度已经十分接近约200km外的安大略省多赛特地区,这就表明基拉尼地区的硫沉降现在主要来自于长距离传输,而不是当地污染源.对基拉尼湖泊的研究揭示了化学恢复过程的复杂本质.一旦湖水的酸度降低,就会引起一系列的变化,包括Ca2+浓度的减少,透明度增加和热力学状态改变.这些变化可能会潜在地影响一些生态体系.因此很明显需要对基拉尼湖泊的恢复在多胁迫因子的框架内继续进行评价.     

Statistical evaluation of hydrobiological parameters of Narmada River water at Hoshangabad City, India

Narmada is considered to be the lifeline of the state of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. The Narmada water is used for bathing, drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes. The city sewage and industrial effluent from Security paper mill at Hoshangabad drains in the Narmada River and pollutes the water quality. Urban sewage enters into Narmada through main nallas. River water quality at Hoshangabad has become a matter of concern due to continuous changing environment and increasing social and industrial activity that influence the water quality directly or indirectly. The present investigation is undertaken to study the effect of domestic sewage and effluent from Security paper Mill on the water quality and ecology of river Narmada at Hoshangabad. The study is carried on at four sites along with the bank of river Narmada. Water samples from four stations were collected, out of which three main sewage mixing points of the city and one fresh water site are taken into account. The samples collected were analyzed, as per standard methods parameters such as Temperature, pH, were measured in-situ. The statistical evaluations were also made. The result showed increase in BOD, Nitrates, Phosphates and Total Coliforms, No. of phytoplanktons. The results revealed that most of the water samples were below or out of limited; according to the WHO, BIS standards.     

Design of reaction conditions for the enhancement of microbial degradation of dyes in sequential cycles

The present study evaluated the potential of white-rot fungal strain Coriolus versicolor to decolorize five structurally di erent dyes in sequential batch reactors under optimized conditions. The experiments were run continuously for seven cycles of 8 d each. High decolorizing activity was observed even during the repeated reuse of the fungus, especially when the old medium was replaced with fresh medium after every cycle. Biodegradation was the dominating factor as the fungus was able to produce the enzyme laccase mainly, to mineralize synthetic dyes. The nutrients and composition of the medium played important roles in sustaining the decolorisation potential of the fungus. Corncob was found be an easy and cheap substitute for carbon source for the fungus. Glucose consumption by the fungus was in accordance to its decolorisation activity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction.     

Ipomoea dasysperma seed gum: an effective natural coagulant for the decolorization of textile dye solutions

An investigation of dye decolorization from synthetic dye solutions using the non-ionic, water-soluble, high molecular weight seed gums Ipomoea dasysperma and guar gum as coagulants was undertaken. The use of galactomannans derived from plants in this system presents a sustainable method of textile effluent treatment. These natural coagulants extracted from plants proved to be workable alternatives to conventional coagulants like polyaluminum chloride, as they are biodegradable, safe to human health, are cost effective when compared to imported chemicals and have a wider effective dosage range for flocculation of various colloidal suspensions. Coagulant dose and coagulation pH are important factors influencing the mechanism of coagulation. Also the type and chemical structure of the dye plays an important role in the coagulation process. The seed gums alone were found to be effective for decolorization of direct dye and in combination with PAC their coagulation efficiency was well extended even for reactive and acid dyes.     

Diatoms as indicators in the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program-Surface Waters (EMAP-SW)

As a part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program-Surface Waters (EMAP-SW), sedimentary diatom assemblages were studied from 66 lakes in the northeastern U.S.A. to evaluate the applicability of diatoms for this nation-wide monitoring program. Sediment cores were collected from the study lakes and diatoms were analyzed from the top (present-day) and bottom (pre-industrial) sediment samples. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to examine which environmental variables correlate most closely with the distributions of diatom taxa in the top (surface) samples. Forward selection and Monte Carlo permutation tests showed that diatom species distributions were significantly related to total lakewater phosphorus (TP), pH, chloride, Secchi depth, and lake size and maximum depth. We developed weighted-averaging calibration and regression models for inferring TP (r ²=0.62), chloride (r ²=0.61), pH (r ²=0.86), and Secchi depth (r ²=0.62). An index of overall lake disturbance was also developed. Our diatom data indicate that marked changes have occurred in the study lakes since pre-industrial times as a result of anthropogenic activity.     

Changing scenario of municipal solid waste management in Kanpur city,India

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) depends upon lifestyle, urbanization and income level of population. Solid waste management is one of the...