地幔源气体的CO_2/~3He特征及其地质意义

全球范围内的洋中脊玄武岩 (MORB)玻璃及气泡具有均一的CO2 /3He比率(CO2 摩尔数与3He摩尔数之比 ) ,为 ( 2～ 7)× 1 0 9,这表明通过洋中脊体系释放的幔源气体具有基本恒定的CO2 /3He比率。地幔脱气的机理研究表明 ,MORB中的该比率反映的是初始MORB岩浆的挥发份特征 ,而气泡在MORB岩浆中的成核、生长和上升的活动过程所造成的CO2 -3He的分离是很有限的 ,这说明幔源气体具有特征的CO2 /3He比率。匈牙利潘诺尼亚盆地等一系列的研究实例表明 ,幔源气体的CO2 /3He比率特征能够可靠地估计地幔脱气的通量 ,并为大陆地区构造拉张背景下的地幔脱气研究提供了一个可靠的约束条件。     

Historical distribution of lynx (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lynx lynx</Emphasis>) in Northeast China on the basis of historical records

Long-term dynamics of population decline can improve the conservation perspectives and strategies for endanger species. In China, new gazetteers having systematic compilation and wide geographical coverage can be considered as an important complementary for reconstruction historical distribution. For historical and cultural reasons, an endangered species–lynx (Lynx lynx) was recorded regularly in new gazetteers. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to evaluate the population distribution in Northeast China from the 1950s to 2014. The data show that Felis lynx was widely distributed in Northeast China in the 1950s, but the number of the occurrence records have been significantly reduced by 85.6% in the last 60 years. This research also enlightens us that the new gazetteers can contribute to data shortage and it would be helpful to conservation biology.     

The operation of cost-effective on-site process for the bio-treatment of mixed municipal solid waste in rural areas

The application of on-site waste treatment significantly reduces the need for expensive waste collection and transportation in rural areas; hence, it is considered of fundamental importance in developing countries. In this study, the effects of in-field operation of two types of mini-scale on-site solid waste treatment facilities on de-centralized communities, one using mesophilic two-phase anaerobic digestion combined with composting (TPAD, 50 kg/d) and another using decentralized composting (DC, 0.6–2 t/d), were investigated. Source-separated collection was applied to provide organic waste for combined process, in which the amount of waste showed significant seasonal variation. The highest collection amount was 0.18 kg/capital day and 0.6 kg/household day. Both sites showed good performance after operating for more than 6 months, with peak waste reduction rates of 53.5% in TPAD process and 63.2% in DC process. Additionally, the windrow temperature exceeded 55 °C for >5 days, indicating that the composting products from both facilities were safe. These results were supported by 4 days aerobic static respiration rate tests. The emissions were low enough to avoid any impact on nearby communities (distance <100 m). Partial energy could be recovered by the combined process but with complicated operation. Hence, the choice of process must be considered in case separately.     

Eld’s Deer Translocated to Human-Inhabited Areas Become Nocturnal

As human populations expand and nonhuman animals decline, understanding the interactions between people and wildlife is essential. For endangered species, appreciating the effect of human disturbance can be important for their conservation. However, a human disturbance angle is often absent from ecological research, despite growing evidence of the negative impact of nonfatal human interference. Here, we monitored Hainan Eld’s deer living within a reserve and translocated animals living amongst villagers. We show that translocated deer deviated from a crepuscular activity pattern and became increasingly nocturnal, and most active when villagers were not. It appears that translocated deer adapted over time to human disturbance and this pattern is similar to that of other species during periods of hunting. People do not pose an actual threat to Eld’s deer, but their presence triggered a response akin to predator avoidance and may be interfering with broader aspects of their biology and conservation.     

Effects of combustion and operating conditions on PCDD/PCDF emissions from power boilers burning salt-laden wood waste

This paper discusses the effects of combustion conditions on PCDD/PCDF emissions from pulp and paper power boilers burning salt-laden wood waste. We found no correlation between PCDD/PCDF emissions and carbon monoxide emissions. A good correlation was, however, observed between PCDD/PCDF emissions and the concentration of stack polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the absence of TDF addition. Thus, poor combustion conditions responsible for the formation of products of incomplete combustion (PICs), such as PAHs and PCDD/PCDF precursors, increase PCDD/PCDF emissions. PAH concentrations increased with higher boiler load and/or low oxygen concentrations at the boiler exit, probably because of lower available residence times and insufficient excess air. Our findings are consistent with the current understanding that high ash carbon content generally favours heterogeneous reactions leading to either de novo synthesis of PCDD/PCDFs or their direct formation from precursors. We also found that, in grate-fired boilers, a linear increase in the grate/lower furnace temperature produces an exponential decrease in PCDD/PCDF emissions. Although the extent of this effect appears to be mill-specific, particularly at low temperatures, the results indicate that increasing the combustion temperature may decrease PCDD/PCDF emissions. It must be noted, however, that there are other variables, such as elevated ESP and stack temperatures, a high hog salt content, the presence of large amounts of PICs and a high Cl/S ratio, which contribute to higher PCDD/PCDFs emissions. Therefore, higher combustion temperatures, by themselves, will not necessarily result in low PCDD/PCDFs emissions.     

降温过程对ANAMMOX工艺城市污水处理系统中微生物群落的影响

厌氧氨氧化是污水脱氮工艺中的重要环节,系统中的菌群结构决定了其处理效果.低温厌氧氨氧化技术因节省大量能源更具有良好的发展前景,厌氧氨氧化细菌在其中起着至关重要的作用.为了探讨降温过程中(由30℃降为20℃时)厌氧氨氧化反应器处理城市污水时微生物群落的变化,利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA),定量PCR和PCR-DGGE分析方法对城市生活污水厌氧氨氧化系统中的微生物的量、厌氧氨氧化菌的量以及功能微生物菌群的变化进行了研究.磷脂脂肪酸分析结果显示当温度由30℃降为20℃时,微生物的总量首先降低,随着运行时间的延续逐渐升高.定量PCR结果显示厌氧氨氧化菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数由30℃的1.19×108m L-1增至20℃的1.86×108m L-1,系统出水氨氮降低.PCR-DGGE结果显示降温过程中颗粒污泥中厌氧氨氧化菌群由Candidatus Kuenenia sp.为主,转变为Candidatus Brocadia sp.和Candidatus Kuenenia sp.为主的混合菌.     

大都市郊区工业用地减量化适宜性评价方法与实证

工业用地减量化是节约集约用地管理制度下大都市用地转型的必然,也是地方实践在土地整治领域的创新尝试。论文建立大都市郊区工业用地减量化适宜性评价方法,以上海市浦东新区大团镇为例,客观评价其减量化的适宜等级。研究结果表明：1）工业用地减量化的5个影响因素中,污染与能耗因素值差异最大,布局合理性因素值差异最小,主体意愿性因素的空间分布差异最明显;2）218个工业地块划分成5个适宜度等级,随着适宜度提高,相应工业地块零星程度加剧,地块平均规模由适宜度一级的9 507 m²逐渐下降至五级的3 300 m²;3）一级适宜占24.06%,二级适宜占21.51%,三级适宜占29.45%,四级适宜占12.63%,五级适宜占12.35%。适宜等级所占面积的分布接近于正态 分布特征。研究结论：论文所建立方法可作为大都市郊区工业用地退出的评估工具,有助于提高工业用地减量化的统筹协调性。     

Thermodynamic analysis and kinetic modelling of dioxin formation and emissions from power boilers firing salt-laden hog fuel

Both organic chlorine (e.g. PVC) and inorganic chlorides (e.g. NaCl) can be significant chlorine sources for dioxin and furan (PCDD/F) formation in combustion processes. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of high temperature salt chemistry. Its influence on PCDD/F formation in power boilers burning salt-laden wood waste is examined through the relationships between Cl2, HCl, NaCl(g) and NaCl(c). These analyses show that while HCl is a product of combustion of PVC-laden municipal solid waste, NaCl can be converted to HCl in hog fuel boilers by reactions with SO2 or alumino-silicate materials. Cl2 is a strong chlorinating agent for PCDD/F formation. HCl can be oxidized to Cl2 by O2, and Cl2 can be reduced back to HCl by SO2. The presence of sulphur at low concentrations thus enhances PCDD/F formation by increasing HCl concentrations. At high concentrations, sulphur inhibits de novo formation of PCDD/Fs through Cl2 reduction by excess SO2. The effect of NH3, CO and NOx on PCDD/F formation is also discussed. A semi-empirical kinetic model is proposed. This model considers both precursor and de novo formation mechanisms. A simplified version is used as a stack emission model. The kinetic model indicates that stack dioxin emissions will increase linearly with decreasing electrostatic precipitator (ESP) efficiency and exponentially with increasing ESP temperature.     

脱氮菌剂在低溶解氧黑臭水体中氮代谢特征

研究在低溶解氧浓度下氨化细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌氮代谢能力,明确不同菌剂脱氮效率和氮转化关系,为大湾区黑臭水体治理提供理论依据.通过不同菌剂浓度和不同底物浓度,检测筛选出的氨化细菌(Staphylococcus sp. Ay)、硝化细菌(Microbacterium sp. Xw)和反硝化细菌(Arthrobacter sp. Fy)制成的菌剂在污水处理厂排放的水中的氮代谢特征;然后在低溶解氧条件下,研究不同Ay、Xw和Fy菌剂浓度在同浓度黑臭水体中氮代谢变化情况、以及相同菌剂浓度在不同浓度黑臭水体中的氮代谢特征.结果表明:Ay菌剂细菌浓度增加3倍,氨化效率没有成倍增加,说明增加氨化细菌浓度不是增加氨化速率的最佳方法; Xw菌剂对硝态氮浓度变化影响显著,低菌剂浓度条件下60 h硝态氮浓度增加180%,高菌剂浓度为231%,Fy反硝化效率较高,在较低浓度下能很快去除硝态氮.总氮浓度的适当提高可以增加Ay菌剂的氨化效率,过高会抑制Ay菌剂的氮氮代谢效率.Xw菌剂硝态氮的生成率在总氮浓度25 mg·L~(-1)条件下达到最好效果,浓度提高3 736%; Fy菌剂对氨氮去除效果不明显.总氮浓度为25 mg·L~(-1)时,Fy菌剂对硝态氮的去除达到最好效果.得出:氨化细菌和反硝化细菌原菌剂直接投加,氮代谢速率较高,硝化细菌菌剂浓度增加,可以提高硝态氮生成速率.在一定范围内,增加底物浓度可以增加菌剂氮代谢效率,浓度过高将抑制氮代谢效果,可为大湾区黑臭水体问题的解决提供数据支持.     

双室微生物燃料电池型BOD传感器性能

构建了双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),并应用于污水BOD的检测。优化了MFC型BOD传感器的检测条件,分析了传感器进行污水BOD检测的特征。结果表明,以A2/O污水处理工艺中厌氧段污泥进行接种,双室MFC型BOD传感器2周内完成启动,所产电流达到稳定。传感器的最佳检测条件为外接电阻500Ω,添加缓冲溶液并维持待测水样pH为7.0,添加35 mg/L的L-半胱氨酸作为吸氧剂维持阳极室厌氧环境,阴极室富氧水流量为20 mL/min。利用MFC产生的电流峰值准确检测污水水样BOD浓度,传感器检测范围为10~50 mg/L,检测时间小于3 h;利用MFC产生的电荷量准确检测污水水样BOD浓度,检测范围为10~100 mg/L,检测时间小于10 h。利用MFC电流峰值和电荷量检测污水水样BOD浓度,偏差均小于15%,传感器运行稳定,寿命较长。