Individual particle analysis of aerosols collected at Lhasa City in the Tibetan Plateau

To understand the composition and major sources of aerosol particles in Lhasa City on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), individual particles were collected from 2 February to 8 March, 2013 in Tibet University. The mean concentrations of both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ during the sampling were 25.7 ± 21.7 and 57.2 ± 46.7 μg/m³, respectively, much lower than those of other cities in East and South Asia, but higher than those in the remote region in TP like Nam Co, indicating minor urban pollution. Combining the observations with the meteorological parameters and back trajectory analysis, it was concluded that local sources controlled the pollution during the sampling. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS) was used to study 408 particles sampled on four days. Based on the EDS analysis, a total of 8 different particle categories were classified for all 408 particles, including Si-rich, Ca-rich, soot, K-rich, Fe-rich, Pb-rich, Al-rich and other particles. The dominant elements were Si, Al and Ca, which were mainly attributed to mineral dust in the earth's crust such as feldspar and clay. Fe-, Pb-, K-, Al-rich particles and soot mainly originated from anthropogenic sources like firework combustion and biomass burning during the sampling. During the sampling, the pollution mainly came from mineral dust, while the celebration ceremony and religious ritual produced a large quantity of anthropogenic metal-bearing particles on 9 and 25 February 2013. Cement particles also had a minor influence. The data obtained in this study can be useful for developing pollution control strategies.     

The current municipal solid waste management situation in Tibet

The Tibetan Plateau has an average altitude of more than 4,000 m. The total area of Tibetan Plateau is 2,400,000 km2, which occupies 25% of the area of China. Due to the high altitude, the environment has low atmospheric pressure, low oxygen content, and low temperature, and is also fragile. Investigations concerning MSW generation and characteristics, MSW management, collection and transportation, and treatment and disposal of MSW covered four representative cities, including the urban areas of Lhasa city, Shigatse, Nedong of Lhoka and Bayi of Nyingtri. The results show that MSW generation in the urban areas of Lhasa city and Tibet were 450 t/d and 3,597 t/d, respectively, in 2006. However, accelerated economic development and flourishing tourism caused by the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR) have greatly increased solid waste generation to a new high. It is predicted that MSW generation in Tibet will reach 4,026 t/d in 2010 and 4,942 t/d in 2020. MSW management and disposal lag behind MSW generation due to a number of factors such as equipment shortage, insufficient maintenance, exhaustion of waste treatment capacity and low recycling efficiency. Still, MSW in most areas is dumped in the open with no controls. Because no appropriate collection and treatment systems for leachate and landfill gas exist, untreated leachate is discharged directly into the environment, causing serious secondary pollution. Some suggestions on improving the MSW management system are presented in this paper.     

Accumulation and spatial distribution of Cd, Cr, and Pb in mulberry from municipal solid waste compost following application of EDTA and (NH4)2SO4

Municipal solid waste compost can be used to cropland as soil amendment to supply nutrients and improve soil physical properties. But long-term application of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost may result in accumulation of toxic metals in amended soil. Phytoremediation, especially phytoextraction, is a novel, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly approach that uses metal-accumulating plants to concentrate and remove metals from contaminated soils. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) was applied to metal-contaminated soil to increase the mobility and phytoavailability of metals in soil, thereby increasing the amount of toxic metals accumulated in the upper parts of phytoextracting plants. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the accumulation and spatial distribution of toxic metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) in mulberry from MSW compost with the application of EDTA and (NH₄)₂SO₄, (2) to examine the effectiveness of EDTA and (NH₄)₂SO₄ applied together on toxic metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) removal by mulberry under field conditions, and (3) to evaluate the potential of mulberry for phytoextraction of toxic metals from MSW compost. The tested plant—mulberry had been grown in MSW compost field for 4 years. EDTA solution at five rates (0, 50, 100, 50 mmol L^?1?+?1 g?L^?1 (NH₄)₂SO₄, and 100 mmol L^?1?+?1 g?L^?1 (NH₄)₂SO₄) was added into mulberry root medium in September 2009. Twenty days later, the plants were harvested and separated into six parts according to plant height. Cd, Cr, and Pb contents in plant samples and MSW compost were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In the same treatment, Cd, Cr, and Pb concentrations in mulberry shoot were all higher than those in root, and Cd and Pb concentrations in shoot increased from lower to upper parts, reaching the highest in leaves. Significant increases were found in toxic metal concentration in different parts of mulberry with increasing EDTA concentration, especially when combined with (NH₄)₂SO₄. Mulberry exhibited high ability to accumulate Cd with bioconcentration factors (BCFs) higher than 1. EDTA application also significantly increased Cd BCFs. More than 30 % of metal uptake was concentrated in mulberry branches (stem of above 100 cm height) and leaves. Results presented here show that mulberry is a woody plant that has the potential of Cd phytoextraction from MSW compost by removing leaves and cutting branches. The application of EDTA combined with (NH₄)₂SO₄ significantly enhanced the efficiency of mulberry in removing Cd from the compost medium. Adding (NH₄)₂SO₄ into the compost will lower the risk of the exposure of environment to excessive non-biodegradable EDTA in a large-scale EDTA-assisted phytoextraction by reducing the dosage of EDTA. In China, the need for sod is increasing day by day. Sod is often produced on arable soil and sold together with soils. This would lead to the soil being infertile and the soil layer thin. After several times’ production, the soil can no longer be used for cultivating crops and be destroyed. In order to fully utilize MSW compost resources and save valuable soil resources, MSW compost can be used to replace arable soil to produce sod after extraction of toxic metals in it.     

Water quality in the Tibetan Plateau: metal contents of four selected rivers

The water used by 85% of the Asian population originates in Tibetan Plateau. During April and May of 2006, water samples were collected from four major Asian rivers in the Plateau (i.e. the Salween, Mekong, Yangtze River and Yarlung Tsangpo) and analyzed for Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Mo, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Li, Mn, Al, Fe, Mg and Hg. The results showed that elements such as Mg were rather high in Tibetan rivers, giving a mean electrical conductance of 36 mS/m. In a few locations, the results also showed relatively high concentrations of Al and Fe (>1 mg/L). However, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, and Cr were generally low. Contamination with Pb was identified at a few locations in the Salween and Ni at a few sites in the Yangtze River.     

天津机场区域大气NO2及O3影响因子研究

在紧邻天津机场跑道的点位对机场区域大气常规污染物开展连续监测,应用广义加性模型（GAM）,针对2017年3月1日~2018年2月28日间的NO₂及O₃,识别其影响因子,并确定因子贡献率.选取因子包括环境因子（SO₂、NO、NO₂、O₃、CO、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、前一小时NO₂/O₃浓度）,气象因子（风向、风速、温度、露点温度、修正海压）及航空活动因子（起飞、着陆）.结果显示：机场区域NO₂日均值为17.6~123.6μg/m³,超标天数共计38d,占比约13%;O₃日均值为1.0~276.1μg/m³,超标天数占比26%,污染主要集中在夏季;环境因子是主要影响因子,累积贡献率在56%~89%;航空活动作为区域重要污染源,对大气NO₂、O₃存在一定影响,最高贡献率可达20%;气象因子相对贡献较低.全部GAM的Adj-R²为0.85~0.96,筛选的影响因子能够有效解释区域环境空气污染物浓度的变化.     

水解酸化预处理工艺及应用

本文总结了水解酸化作为预处理机理及其优点，着重讨论了它的影响因素和控制方法，并就各种工业废水应用作了详述。     

淋洗法去除城市生活垃圾堆肥中重金属

采用淋洗法研究了淋洗剂酸度、螯合剂与表面活性剂对生活垃圾堆肥中重金属的去除效果.结果表明,淋洗剂的酸度对堆肥中重金属的淋出效果不明显,螯合剂与表面活性剂的影响较为显著.随着螫合剂、表面活性剂浓度增加,Mn、Zn和Cu的淋出量有增加的趋势,当DL-苹果酸、柠檬酸浓度为30 mmol/L,Mn的淋出量分别为对照的87和22...     

Individual particle analysis of aerosols collected at Lhasa City in the Tibetan Plateau

To understand the composition and major sources of aerosol particles in Lhasa City on the Tibetan Plateau(TP), individual particles were collected from 2 February to 8 March, 2013 in Tibet University. The mean concentrations of both PM2.5and PM10 during the sampling were25.7 ± 21.7 and 57.2 ± 46.7 μg/m3, respectively, much lower than those of other cities in East and South Asia, but higher than those in the remote region in TP like Nam Co, indicating minor urban pollution. Combining the observations with the meteorological parameters and back trajectory analysis, it was concluded that local sources controlled the pollution during the sampling. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) combined with energydispersive X-ray spectra(EDS) was used to study 408 particles sampled on four days. Based on the EDS analysis, a total of 8 different particle categories were classified for all 408 particles, including Si-rich, Ca-rich, soot, K-rich, Fe-rich, Pb-rich, Al-rich and other particles.The dominant elements were Si, Al and Ca, which were mainly attributed to mineral dust in the earth's crust such as feldspar and clay. Fe-, Pb-, K-, Al-rich particles and soot mainly originated from anthropogenic sources like firework combustion and biomass burning during the sampling. During the sampling, the pollution mainly came from mineral dust,while the celebration ceremony and religious ritual produced a large quantity of anthropogenic metal-bearing particles on 9 and 25 February 2013. Cement particles also had a minor influence. The data obtained in this study can be useful for developing pollution control strategies.     

模糊证据权法在西藏一江两河流域耕地适宜性评价中的应用

开展耕地适宜性评价是编制农业发展规划、优化耕地资源配置的基础性工作。文章以西藏一江两河流域18 个县的耕地资源为评价对象,将模糊证据权模型引入到耕地适宜性评价中,通过该方法筛选出地形地貌、气候、土壤和水资源状况等4 个方面的9 个因子作为证据图层,并计算因子图层的模糊证据权重,最后综合各因子图层的证据权重参数得出后验概率并修正形成耕地适宜性分布图。结果表明：①80.83%的适宜样本点处于修正后验概率分级图的中等适宜级别及以上,即已知信息体现出较高的吻合性,表明模糊证据权模型能够科学、有效地评价耕地资源的适宜性;②集知识驱动与数据驱动一体化的模糊证据权模型既能够充分发挥先验知识、客观规律的作用,也可以通过隶属度函数增加知识干预,有效利用专家的丰富经验,在一定程度上克服了知识驱动方法中因子筛选和权重确定主观性强或纯粹数据驱动方法的不足;③研究区21.32×10⁴hm²的耕地资源中,高度适宜、中度适宜、一般适宜和不适宜的耕地资源分别占32.03%、31.94%、27.19%和8.84%,对应其空间分布情况,可以优化耕地资源规模与布局,指导高原耕地区农业生产实践,促进耕地资源的合理利用。