Measuring the effectiveness of landscape approaches to conservation and development

Landscape approaches attempt to achieve balance amongst multiple goals over long time periods and to adapt to changing conditions. We review project reports and the literature on integrated landscape approaches, and found a lack of documented studies of their long-term effectiveness. The combination of multiple and potentially changing goals presents problems for the conventional measures of impact. We propose more critical use of theories of change and measures of process and progress to complement the conventional impact assessments. Theories of change make the links between project deliverables, outputs, outcomes, and impacts explicit, and allow a full exploration of the landscape context. Landscape approaches are long-term engagements, but short-term process metrics are needed to confirm that progress is being made in negotiation of goals, meaningful stakeholder engagement, existence of connections to policy processes, and effectiveness of governance. Long-term impact metrics are needed to assess progress on achieving landscapes that deliver multiple societal benefits, including conservation, production, and livelihood benefits. Generic criteria for process are proposed, but impact metrics will be highly situation specific and must be derived from an effective process and a credible theory of change.     

Guidance for the Field Demonstration of Remediation Technologies

This paper will focus on the demonstration of hazardous waste cleanup technologies in the field. The technologies will be at the pilot- or full-scale, and further referred to as field-scale. The main objectives of demonstration at the field-scale are development of reliable performance and cost data. Technology demonstrations provide performance, cost effectiveness, and reliability data so that potential technology users have sufficient information to make effective decisions as to the applicability of the technology to a specific situation. The demonstration and evaluation of a technology should be conducted with the purpose of characterizing performance, need for pre- and post-processing of the waste feed, identification of waste type and constituents applicable to the technology, system throughput, problems and limitations of the technology, and operating and maintenance costs. Table I provides a summary of remediation activities for demonstration projects.     

Hydrocarbon Measurements During the 1992 Southern Oxidants Study Atlanta Intensive: Protocol and Quality Assurance

Abstract

A major component of the Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) 1992 Atlanta Intensive was the measurement of atmospheric nonmethane hydrocarbons. Ambient air samples were collected and analyzed by a network of strategically located automated gas chromatography (GC) systems (field systems). In addition, an extensive canister sampling network was deployed. Combined, more than 3000 chromatograms were recorded. The SOS science team targeted for quantitative analysis 56 compounds which may be substantial contributors to ozone formation or used as air mass tracers. A quality assurance program was instituted to ensure that good measurements were being made throughout the network for each target compound. Common, high-quality standards were used throughout the network. The performance of individual field systems was evaluated during the intensive through the analysis of challenge mixtures. This methodology helped to identify and correct analytical problems as they arose.     

Seasonal influences on PCB retention and biotransformation in fish

There is extensive evidence that fish from waters with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)-contaminated sediments accumulate PCBs and related chemicals and that people who eat fish from contaminated waters have higher body burdens of PCBs and PCB metabolites than those who do not. PCBs and their metabolites are potentially toxic; thus, it is important to human health to understand the uptake, biotransformation, and elimination of PCBs in fish since these processes determine the extent of accumulation. The intestinal uptake of PCBs present in the diet of fish into fish tissues is a process that is influenced by the lipid composition of the diet. Biotransformation of PCBs in fish, as in mammals, facilitates elimination, although many PCB congeners are recalcitrant to biotransformation in fish and mammals. Sequential biotransformation of PCBs by cytochrome P450 and conjugation pathways is even less efficient in fish than in mammalian species, thus contributing to the retention of PCBs in fish tissues. A very important factor influencing overall PCB disposition in fish is water temperature. Seasonal changes in water temperature produce adaptive physiological and biochemical changes in fish. While uptake of PCBs from the diet is similar in fish acclimated to winter or summer temperatures, there is evidence that elimination of PCBs occurs much more slowly when the fish is acclimated at low temperatures than at warmer temperatures. Research to date suggests that the processes of elimination of PCBs are modulated by several factors in fish including seasonal changes in water temperature. Thus, the body burden of PCBs in fish from a contaminated location is likely to vary with season.     

Using diatoms as quality indicators for a newly-formed urban lake and its catchment

Periphytic diatoms were studied to evaluate the water quality of a newly created lake, formed by the enclosure of the formerly tidal Cardiff Bay (Wales, UK), and the effects of two inflowing rivers which drain densely populated and industrialised catchments. Seven sites in Cardiff Bay and two locations on the inflowing rivers were monitored for diatoms and water chemistry over 2 years. Water quality was assessed using a revised UK trophic diatom index (TDI) and new methods to determine ecological quality ratios and ecological status classes as required by the EU Water Framework Directive. Diatom assemblages reflected spatiotemporal variations in environmental conditions between the rivers and Cardiff Bay and within the bay. In the bay, diatoms reflected differences in river quality and possibly local pollution in certain areas of the lake. High values of the TDI indicated eutrophic to hypertrophic conditions in both rivers and in the bay and diatoms indicated poor ecological status.     

Comparison of Stream Invertebrate Response Models for Bioassessment Metrics1

Waite, Ian R., Jonathan G. Kennen, Jason T. May, Larry R. Brown, Thomas F. Cuffney, Kimberly A. Jones, and James L. Orlando, 2012. Comparison of Stream Invertebrate Response Models for Bioassessment Metrics. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 570-583. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00632.x Abstract: We aggregated invertebrate data from various sources to assemble data for modeling in two ecoregions in Oregon and one in California. Our goal was to compare the performance of models developed using multiple linear regression (MLR) techniques with models developed using three relatively new techniques: classification and regression trees (CART), random forest (RF), and boosted regression trees (BRT). We used tolerance of taxa based on richness (RICHTOL) and ratio of observed to expected taxa (O/E) as response variables and land use/land cover as explanatory variables. Responses were generally linear; therefore, there was little improvement to the MLR models when compared to models using CART and RF. In general, the four modeling techniques (MLR, CART, RF, and BRT) consistently selected the same primary explanatory variables for each region. However, results from the BRT models showed significant improvement over the MLR models for each region; increases in R² from 0.09 to 0.20. The O/E metric that was derived from models specifically calibrated for Oregon consistently had lower R² values than RICHTOL for the two regions tested. Modeled O/E R² values were between 0.06 and 0.10 lower for each of the four modeling methods applied in the Willamette Valley and were between 0.19 and 0.36 points lower for the Blue Mountains. As a result, BRT models may indeed represent a good alternative to MLR for modeling species distribution relative to environmental variables.     

Potential physiological effects of pharmaceutical compounds in Atlantic salmon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo salar</Emphasis>) implied by transcriptomic analysis

Background, aim, and scope  

Pharmaceuticals are emerging pollutants widely used in everyday urban activities which can be detected in surface, ground, and drinking waters. Their presence is derived from consumption of medicines, disposal of expired medications, release of treated and untreated urban effluents, and from the pharmaceutical industry. Their growing use has become an alarming environmental problem which potentially will become dangerous in the future. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about long-term effects in non-target organisms as well as for human health. Toxicity testing has indicated a relatively low acute toxicity to fish species, but no information is available on possible sublethal effects. This study provides data on the physiological pathways involved in the exposure of Atlantic salmon as representative test species to three pharmaceutical compounds found in ground, surface, and drinking waters based on the evaluation of the xenobiotic-induced impairment resulting in the activation and silencing of specific genes.     

Evaluation of Vegetation Near Coal-burning Power Plants in Southwestern Pennsylvania. II. Ozone Injury on Foliage of Hybrid Poplar

The objective of this study was to determine if the incidence or severity of foliar injury induced by regional, ambient ozone was influenced by local emissions from a complex of coal-burning power plants in southwestern Pennsylvania. Plantings of an ozonesensitive hybrid poplar clone {Populus maximowizii x trichocarpa, clone NE 388) were established in 1972 at various distances and directions from the power plants. Foliar injury caused by ambient ozone was evaluated annually from 1973 to 1990 in early to mid- August. Data are presented for the 12-year period, 1979 to 1990 inclusive, for which the most complete data sets were available. Injury from ambient ozone varied spatially and temporally, but with little relationship to power plant location. There was an apparent negative relationship between emission trends and ozone-induced symptoms, but only for one power plant. The correlation between annual mean levels of ozone-induced stipple and frequency of days (per year) with a 1-hr ozone maximum exceeding 0.04 ppm was weak, but significant. Ozone-induced bifacial necrosis was not observed on the foliage of the hybrid poplar during the drought year of 1988 in spite of record high levels of ozone; however, ozoneinduced stipple was observed.