絮凝过程中絮体生长的多重分形行为

为了研究絮体在絮凝过程中生长的多重分形行为,对用PFS(聚合硫酸铁)处理高岭土原水时混凝过程中絮体生长段的絮体图像进行采集和分析;分析图像多重分形谱及其特征参数行进趋势,而且针对絮体生长规律着重对絮体形态及其分布的演变情况进行了定量化描述.结果表明,随着絮体生长的进行,多重分形谱图的形态由左钩状逐渐转变为右钩状,描述絮体分布均匀性的多重分形谱谱宽Δα由50 s时的1.0213逐渐增大至250 s时的1.3659,Δf(α)的数值大小由于大概率和小概率絮体主导地位的改变而由负转正,f(α)max所表示的简单分形维数由1.9995逐渐降至1.7762.     

美洲商陆（Phytolacca Americana L.）对铀的富集特征及根际微生物群落功能多样性的响应

在模拟低(25 mg·kg-1)、中(50 mg·kg-1)、高(100 mg·kg-1)剂量铀污染的条件下,采用盆栽试验,研究了美洲商陆富集铀的特点及铀污染对根际微生物群落的影响.结果表明,铀污染对美洲商陆生长的影响可能存在一个阈值,该阈值介于25~50 mg·kg-1之间,低于该阈值时,铀污染能够促进美洲商陆的生长,反之,则会抑制美洲商陆的生长.美洲商陆成熟时,根、茎和叶的最大铀富集量分别为131.69、9.87和45.33μg,是一种较为理想的修复铀尾矿的植物.Biolog-Eco测试结果表明,土壤中铀会对美洲商陆根际微生物群落产生负效应,铀胁迫可使根际微生物代谢迟缓,对碳源的选择发生转移,对糖类、羧酸类和胺类碳源的利用显著减少,对酚酸类碳源的利用显著增加;同时,铀胁迫可导致根际微生物群落功能多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势微生物种类降低.最后,利用培养96 h的平均吸光值进行聚类和主成分分析.结果表明,铀胁迫下美洲商陆根际微生物群落异于对照,美洲商陆根际微生物对铀胁迫的适应是以降低对糖类、羧酸类和胺类等碳源的利用为代价的.     

KI改性黏土脱除烟气中单质汞的研究

卤素改性材料对烟气中单质汞的去除具有较高的效率,黏土(膨润土)在我国分布广,资源丰富且廉价易得.为探究KI改性黏土对烟气中单质汞的脱除效率,以浸渍法制得了KI改性膨润土,研究了不同KI负载量、不同吸附温度及不同烟气氛围下,改性膨润土对Hg0的脱除效率和累积吸附量,并与原始膨润土进行对比.运用比表面分析(BET)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)及热重分析法(TGA)等方法对材料的物理化学特性进行了分析.结果表明,KI改性大大提升膨润土对Hg0的脱除效率,并且Hg0的脱除效率随着KI负载量的加大而上升.温度提高了吸附剂吸附Hg0的性质,吸附剂主要表现为化学吸附.O2有利于吸附剂对Hg0的吸附.SO2对吸附剂吸附Hg0有轻微的促进作用,H2O的存在对吸附剂吸附Hg0具有很强的抑制作用.     

昆仑山北坡黄土粒度特征与环境意义初探

昆仑山北坡沉积了极端干旱区巨厚的黄土,不仅记录了塔克拉玛干沙漠的发生发展过程, 也蕴含了西风环流的演化信息。该地区气候干旱,成壤作用弱,靠近物源,黄土记录了沉积时 的粒度特征,是研究风动力变化的良好载体。本文选取昆仑山北坡的普鲁剖面进行详细的粒度 分析,结果表明黄土颗粒较粗,是沙漠的近源沉积,搬运动力较强。通过粒级– 标准偏差变化 计算,黄土粒度可以分为粉砂（<36 μm）和细砂（>36 μm）两个敏感粒级组分。依据塔里木盆 地内的现代环流特征,粉砂组分主要与近地面较弱的环流风场有关,而细砂组分主要由盆地南 缘频发的沙尘暴搬运,并且沙尘暴对沙尘的搬运作用可能更为显著。     

Estimation of Contamination Sources of Human Enteroviruses in a Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System by PCR–DGGE

A polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR–DGGE) method was employed to estimate the contamination sources of human enteroviruses and understand how their dominant strains vary in a wastewater treatment and reclamation system consisting of sewage collection, wastewater treatment with membrane bioreactor and open lakes for reclaimed water storage and reuse. After PCR–DGGE using a selected primer set targeting enteroviruses, phylogenetic analysis of acquired enterovirus gene sequences was performed. Enteroviruses identified from the septic tank were much more diverse than those from grey water and kitchen wastewater. Several unique types of enterovirus different from those in wastewater samples were dominant in a biological wastewater treatment unit. Membrane filtration followed by chlorination was proved effective for physically eliminating enteroviruses; however, secondary contamination likely occurred as the reclaimed water was stored in artificial lakes. Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) viral pathogen, was detected mainly from the artificial lakes, implying that wastewater effluent was not the contamination source of EV71 and that there were unidentified non-point sources of the contamination with the HFMD viral pathogen in the reclaimed water stored in the artificial lakes. The PCR–DGGE targeting enteroviruses provided robust evidence about viral contamination sources in the wastewater treatment and reclamation system.     

A review on completing arsenic biogeochemical cycle：Microbial volatilization of arsines in environment

Arsenic （As） is ubiquitous in the environment in the carcinogenic inorganic forms, posing risks to human health in many parts of the world. Many microorganisms have evolved a series of mechanisms to cope with inorganic arsenic in their growth media such as transforming As compounds into volatile derivatives. Bio-volatilization of As has been suggested to play an important role in global As biogeochemical cycling, and can also be explored as a potential method for arsenic bioremediation. This review aims to provide an overview of the quality and quantity of As volatilization by fungi, bacteria, microalga and protozoans. Arsenic bio-volatilization is influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors that can be manipulated/elucidated for the purpose of As bioremediation. Since As bio- volatilization is a resurgent topic for both biogeochemistry and environmental health, our review serves as a concept paper for future research directions.     

中国七大流域全氟烷基酸污染水平与饮水暴露风险

为探究中国七大流域全氟烷基酸(perfluoroalkyl acids,PFAAs)的污染现状与居民饮水暴露风险,基于美国国家环保署推荐的风险评估方法,应用场景风险评估模式,分析了各流域PFAAs的污染水平及特征,并对中国成人、青少年、儿童的PFAAs日均饮水暴露量(average daily dose,ADD)及其健康风险进行了评估.结果表明,中等暴露水平下,中国七大流域ΣPFAAs中位浓度为14 ng·L-1,全氟辛酸(perfluorooctane acid,PFOA)、全氟丁酸和全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonic acid,PFOS)为主要污染物,松辽、太湖流域ΣPFAAs高于整体水平.高等暴露水平下,碳链≤6的全氟羧酸类化合物占ΣPFAAs的比例高于中等暴露水平.黄河、长江部分河段污染水平高.风险评估结果显示,饮水暴露PFOA、PFOS对中国各年龄段居民尚无健康风险,且青少年日均饮水摄入量偏少.     

不同有机物料中的磷形态特征研究

采用DOU的磷形态分级方法,研究了猪粪沼渣(ZZ)、牛粪沼渣(NZ)、牛粪秸秆堆肥(NJD)、污泥堆肥(WD)、农村生活垃圾堆肥(NSLD)等7种有机物料中的磷形态及其比例.结果表明,有机物料中全磷及各形态总磷存在较大差异,以猪粪沼渣全磷含量最高,为23.59 g·kg-1,以牛粪沼渣全磷含量最低,仅3.61 g·kg-1.猪粪沼渣、牛粪沼渣、牛粪秸秆堆肥、污泥堆肥中各形态总磷(Pt)大小顺序为HCl-P残留态-PNa HCO3-PNa OH-PH2O-P,而3种农村生活垃圾堆肥中各形态磷含量则为HCl-P残留态-PH2O-PNa HCO3-PNa OH-P.7种有机物料中HCl提取态磷占回收全磷(Ptt)比例达47.75%~84.96%,表明有机物料中的大部分磷更容易被如HCl等强浸提剂提取,而这部分磷不易被植物吸收利用.各有机物料中磷以无机态磷为主,无机磷占全磷比例在53.18%~87.33%之间.各形态中的无机磷以Na HCO3-Pi占形态总磷比例最高(79.72%~94.76%),且在回收全磷中主要分布于HCl提取态,各形态中的有机磷则主要分布于HCl-P和残留态-P.经堆腐后的牛粪秸秆堆肥各形态无机磷占全磷比例较牛粪沼渣均有所增加,表明好氧堆肥有助于有机物料中磷的矿化,提高有机物料中磷的有效性.     

HACH比色法测CODcr在污水批量检测中的应用研究

HACH比色法测CODcr虽有操作简单方便及良好准确性与重复性的优点,但在大批量检测中,检测影响因素还处于不可控状态,通过对样品存放条件、悬浮物、比色管的冷却温度、氯化物、质量控制等因素的实验,核实样品加入硫酸将pH调至〈2在4℃下冷藏保存更稳定、采集的水样应充分摇匀再取样,比色管须冷却至室温再检测等,明确在样品CODcr批量检测中各环节工作要求,以此建立更为完善的过程控制,进一步确保污水样品批量检测的准确性,实现CODcr检测业务的全面启动。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定地表水中钒的方法探讨

钒具有生物活性,是人体所必需的微量元素之一。天然水中钒的含量很低,浓度大约为1-10μg/L。钒作为第一类污染物,上海市污水综合排放标准中对含钒污水的排放限值为2．0mg／L。文章探讨了用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定水中钒的方法,具有灵敏度高、干扰少、重现性好、操作简便快捷、使用设备和试剂简单等优点。其方法检出限为0．002mg／L,RSD为1．4％,加标回收率在94．2％-103．0％,适用于地表水中痕量钒的测定。