红外光度法测定低浓度水样中的石油类和动植物油研究

文章对如何提高低浓度样品测量的准确度进行了探讨.在测量低浓度的水样时,在萃取过程中除了四氯化碳会对水样中的油份进行萃取,水对四氯化碳中的极性物质也进行反萃取,当样品中含油浓度很低时,由于四氯化碳含极性物质可能大于油分含量,从而出现负值.因此测定低浓度水样中的石油类和动植物油是一项精细的工作,在实际工作中应该尽量采取下文所述的方法避免这种情况,只有做好了测量的各个环节,才能保证测量结果的精确可靠.     

磁性高分子复合水凝胶的制备及其对水中铜离子的吸附性能

以海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇为骨架负载磁性纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒合成了两种磁性高分子复合水凝胶材料:一种是以Ca~(2+)交联制备的磁性海藻酸钙单网络水凝胶(SAPFe),另一种是以海藻酸钙和聚乙烯醇经循环冷冻解冻制成的磁性双网络水凝胶(DAPFe).利用SEM、FTIR、BET对合成的材料进行表征,并研究了SAPFe和DAPFe对Cu~(2+)的吸附性能.结果表明,DAPFe比表面积达89.01 m~2·g~(-1),平均孔径为2.2 nm,DAPFe比SAPFe具有更低的含水率、更高的交联程度、更发达的孔隙结构和更高的比表面积.DAPFe对Cu~(2+)的最大吸附量可达207.01 mg·g~(-1),远大于SAPFe(173.01 mg·g~(-1)).SAPFe和DAPFe对Cu~(2+)的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir模型,吸附动力学符合准二级吸附动力学模型.通过分析SAPFe和DAPFe吸附Cu~(2+)前后官能团的变化,发现磁性高分子复合水凝胶具有丰富的羧基和羟基功能性官能团,并通过与Cu~(2+)产生螯合作用实现去除.     

太湖流域河网4种典型抗生素的时空分布和风险评价

分析了太湖流域人口密度大且养殖业发达的宜溧-洮滆水系水相和沉积相中典型抗生素磺胺甲恶唑(Sulfamethoxazole,SMX)、氧氟沙星(Ofloxacin,OFL)、罗红霉素(Roxithromycin,ROM)和土霉素(Oxytetracycline,OTC)的时空分布特征,并应用商值法进行了健康风险(Health Quotients,HQs)和生态风险(Risk Quotients,RQs)评价.结果表明,宜溧-洮滆水系中OTC、ROM、OFL、SMX在水相的检出率分别为96.5%、57.0%、60.5%和4.5%,沉积相中的检出率分别为96.5%、95.5%、90.0%和44.5%;水相检出浓度最高的抗生素为OTC,最高浓度为17.85 ng·L~(-1);沉积相检出浓度最高的抗生素为SMX,浓度为46.74 ng·g~(-1);相比于其他3种抗生素,流域水相和沉积相中OTC的检出率和检出浓度均较高.宜溧-洮滆水系主要包括南河和长江客水区,丰水期南河水系抗生素的检出水平高于长江客水区.沉积相中抗生素浓度沿水流方向逐渐降低,入湖河口所有点位由于沉积物堆积作用均呈现抗生素富集现象.渔业养殖中抗生素的大量施用是导致该水系抗生素时空分布差异的主要原因.健康风险评价结果表明,4种抗生素均属于可接受风险(HQs0.01).生态风险评价结果表明,4种抗生素均呈现低风险(RQs0.1),其中,生态风险最高的抗生素是OTC,其值为0.086.为有效管控太湖流域抗生素生态风险,应加强对南河水系水产养殖业监管;入湖河口的抗生素富集现象也应引起重视.     

Variations in concentrations and bioavailability of heavy metals in rivers caused by water conservancy projects: Insights from water regulation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir in the Yellow River

Water regulation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir of the Yellow River was chosen as a case to investigate variations in concentrations and bioavailability of heavy metals caused by water conservancy projects in rivers. Water and suspended sediment (SPS) samples were collected at downstream sampling sites along the river during this period. Concentrations and speciation of Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb in water and SPS samples were analyzed, and their bioaccumulation was studied with Daphnia magna. This study indicated that the exchangeable and carbonate-bound fractions of heavy metals in SPS decreased along the studied stretch, and the dissolved heavy metal concentrations increased along the river with 1.6–15 folds. This is because sediment resuspension increased along the river during water regulation, giving rise to the increase of heavy metal release from SPS. The dissolved Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb concentrations were significantly positively correlated with SPS concentrations, and their increase along the river was greater than Cr. The body burdens of heavy metals in D. magna exposed into samples collected from the reservoir outlet were 1.3–3.0 times lower than those from downstream stations, suggesting that the heavy metal bioavailability increased during water regulation. This should be considered in the reservoir operation.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations, compositions, sources, and associated carcinogenic risks to humans in farmland soils and riverine sediments from Guiyu, China

The concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were measured in 23 farmland soil samples and 10 riverine sediment samples from Guiyu, China, and the carcinogenic risks associated with PAHs in the samples were evaluated. Guiyu is the largest electronic waste(EW) dismantling area globally, and has been well known for the primitive and crude manner in which EWs are disposed, such as by open burning and roasting. The total PAH concentrations were 56–567 ng/g in the soils and 181–3034 ng/g in the sediments.The Shanglian and Huamei districts were found to be more contaminated with PAHs than the north of Guiyu. The soils were relatively weakly contaminated but the sediments were more contaminated, and sediments in some river sections might cause carcinogenic risks to the groundwater system. The PAHs in the soils were derived from combustion sources,but the PAHs in the sediments were derived from both combustion and petroleum sources.     

Leaf age affects the responses of foliar injury and gas exchange to tropospheric ozone in Prunus serotina seedlings

We investigated the effect of leaf age on the response of net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (g_wv), foliar injury, and leaf nitrogen concentration (N_L) to tropospheric ozone (O₃) on Prunus serotina seedlings grown in open-plots (AA) and open-top chambers, supplied with either carbon-filtered or non-filtered air. We found significant variation in A, g_wv, foliar injury, and N_L (P < 0.05) among O₃ treatments. Seedlings in AA showed the highest A and g_wv due to relatively low vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Older leaves showed significantly lower A, g_wv, N_L, and higher foliar injury (P < 0.001) than younger leaves. Leaf age affected the response of A, g_wv, and foliar injury to O₃. Both VPD and N_L had a strong influence on leaf gas exchange. Foliar O₃-induced injury appeared when cumulative O₃ uptake reached 8-12 mmol m⁻², depending on soil water availability. The mechanistic assessment of O₃-induced injury is a valuable approach for a biologically relevant O₃ risk assessment for forest trees.     

Aerosol chemistry and the effect of aerosol water content on visibility impairment and radiative forcing in Guangzhou during the 2006 Pearl River Delta campaign

Optical and chemical aerosol measurements were obtained from 2 to 31 July 2006 at an urban site in the metropolitan area of Guangzhou (China) as part of the Program of Regional Integrated Experiment of Air Quality over Pearl River Delta (PRIDE-PRD2006) to investigate aerosol chemistry and the effect of aerosol water content on visibility impairment and radiative forcing. During the PRIDE-PRD2006 campaign, the average contributions of ammonium sulfate, organic mass by carbon (OMC), elemental carbon (EC), and sea salt (SS) to total PM_2.5 mass were measured to be 36.5%, 5.7%, 27.1%, 7.8%, and 3.7%, respectively. Compared with the clean marine period, (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, and OMC were all greatly enhanced (by up to 430%) during local haze periods via the accumulation of a secondary aerosol component. The OMC dominance increased when high levels of biomass burning influenced the measurement site while (NH₄)₂SO₄ and OMC did when both biomass burning and industrial emissions influenced it. The effect of aerosol water content on the total light-extinction coefficient was estimated to be 34.2%, of which 25.8% was due to aerosol water in (NH₄)₂SO₄, 5.1% that in NH₄NO₃, and 3.3% that in SS. The average mass-scattering efficiency (MSE) of PM₁₀ particles was determined to be 2.2 ± 0.6 and 4.6 ± 1.7 m² g⁻¹ under dry (RH < 40%) and ambient conditions, respectively. The average single-scattering albedo (SSA) was 0.80 ± 0.08 and 0.90 ± 0.04 under dry and ambient conditions, respectively. Not only are the extinction and scattering coefficients greatly enhanced by aerosol water content, but MSE and SSA are also highly sensitive. It can be concluded that sulfate and carbonaceous aerosol, as well as aerosol water content, play important roles in the processes that determine visibility impairment and radiative forcing in the ambient atmosphere of the Guangzhou urban area.     

再生粗骨料混凝土柱耐火性能试验与理论分析

为研究再生粗骨料混凝土柱的耐火性能,进行了1个足尺的再生粗骨料混凝土柱和足尺的1个普通混凝土柱在竖向恒定荷载和温度场耦合作用下的耐火性能试验研究,2个试件的混凝土设计强度均为C30,2个柱采用相同的轴压比施加竖向荷载。在试验研究基础上,比较分析了2个试件的耐火极限以及各个测点的温度变化、侧向挠度、轴向变形和破坏过程;用有限元软件ABAQUS对试件截面温度场进行了模拟分析,测点温度增量模拟结果与实测温度增量符合较好。研究表明:相同初始轴压比条件下,混凝土强度接近的再生粗骨料混凝土柱比普通混凝土柱升温速度慢,具有相对较好的隔热性能;再生粗骨料混凝土柱比普通混凝土柱的抗爆裂性能好,耐火极限长;因再生粗骨料混凝土柱比普通混凝土柱的孔隙率相对较高,在高温作用下其内部蒸汽应力可得到一定释放,由此引起的柱子轴向压缩变形相应也较大;一定条件下的再生粗骨料混凝土柱可用于建筑工程。     

资源型城市的“无废城市”建设模式探讨

资源型城市在我国经济发展大局中地位重要而特殊、历史贡献突出,城市发展的生命周期特征和物质代谢的"大进大出"特征明显,固体废物(以下简称固废)治理问题积弊已久、复杂多变。如何建设"无废城市"模式的资源型城市,是当前城市可持续发展和"无废城市"实践亟待破解的难题。本文研究分析了2017年我国资源型城市固废产生、贮存、综合利用、处置环节及管理制度体系建设的主要问题,并从制度设计、产业转型、分类利用、标准建立四个方面提出了"无废"资源型城市建设的政策建议。根据资源型城市所处生命周期发展阶段的不同,提出了基于固废"产、存、用、置、销"的存量、流量挂钩约束的发展模式。同时提出以下建议:快速成长期城市应从产业体系构建、空间布局及准入条件着手控制固废增量;平稳成熟期城市应发展完善高值化资源综合利用产业体系和制度体系;枯竭衰退期城市应注重挖掘和开发存量固废的资源价值;再生发展期城市应加强多源废物协同处置利用产业体系建设。本研究可为资源型城市的"无废城市"建设提供模式参考和政策建议。