建设生态农业促进无公害农产品生产

本文从生态环境的概念入手分析了人和生态环境的关系、生态农业建设的作用、无公害农产品生产与生态农业建设的关系，指出了无公害农产品生产中存在的问题，提出了加快建设生态农业、生产无公害农产品、提升江苏农业竞争力的建议。     

关于P-V因数在磨损可靠性设计中应用的思考

P -V因数是对摩擦副在边界润滑状态下工作 ,而规定的一个设计准则。由于磨损失效是XB型轴向柱塞泵的主要失效形式 ,所以 ,笔者提出 ,通过引用P -V因数的广义概念 ,建立起磨损可靠性基本设计的模型 ,并对XB -F4 0型轴向柱塞泵的滑履进行磨损可靠性设计。较成功地改善了摩擦副的磨损状况 ,提高了XB -F4 0型轴向柱塞泵的使用寿命 ,同时提供了一种可靠性设计的新思路。     

Mercury mass flow in iron and steel production process and its implications for mercury emission control

The iron and steel production process is one of the predominant anthropogenic sources of atmospheric mercury emissions worldwide. In this study, field tests were conducted to study mercury emission characteristics and mass flows at two iron and steel plants in China. It was found that low-sulfur flue gas from sintering machines could contribute up to41% of the total atmospheric mercury emissions, and desulfurization devices could remarkably help reduce the emissions. Coal gas burning accounted for 17%–49% of the total mercury emissions, and therefore the mercury control of coal gas burning, specifically for the power plant burning coal gas to generate electricity, was significantly important. The emissions from limestone and dolomite production and electric furnaces can contribute29.3% and 4.2% of the total mercury emissions from iron and steel production. More attention should be paid to mercury emissions from these two processes. Blast furnace dust accounted for 27%–36% of the total mercury output for the whole iron and steel production process. The recycling of blast furnace dust could greatly increase the atmospheric mercury emissions and should not be conducted. The mercury emission factors for the coke oven,sintering machine and blast furnace were 0.039–0.047 g Hg/ton steel, and for the electric furnace it was 0.021 g Hg/ton steel. The predominant emission species was oxidized mercury, accounting for 59%–73% of total mercury emissions to air.     

Identifying critical failure factors of green supply chain management in China’s SMEs with a hierarchical cause–effect model

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Compared to large companies, the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in China are more likely to fail in developing green supply chain management...     

饮用水源地浮游藻类群落特征及富营养化风险评价

为了解新立城水库藻类分布及富营养化特征,于枯水期和丰水期进行调查与分析,结果表明,新立城水库共鉴定出藻类29种,隶属于绿藻门、蓝藻门、硅藻门、隐藻门、金藻门、裸藻门和甲藻门共7门19科,其中绿藻门最多,通过生物多样性指数分析得到,枯水期水质优于丰水期;分析近10年水库水体理化性质得到水库总体上呈轻度富营养化状态,氮磷浓度较高,农业面源污染是导致水体中氮磷浓度偏高的主要原因。     

基于模糊集合分析的汛期分期方法及其应用

在模糊集合分析理论及一般方法的基础上,充分考虑汛期的发展变化具有的模糊性、随机性和过程性,以及降雨径流响应过程的特征,以汛期正向累计雨量序列及反向累计雨量序列为基础,重新构造出一新的累计雨量序列,并作为汛期划分研究的基本研究对象,提出了出入汛最高标准（ASMAX）的概念以及消除出入汛标准影响的处理方法。最后对于桥水库控制区域汛期的分期规律进行了实际应用研究,研究结果表明：于桥水库控制流域汛期开始于6月11日,结束于9月18日,其中主汛期开始于7月21日,结束于8月4日。这基本符合海河流域主汛期在“七下八上”的统计规律。也表明累计雨量序列在一定程度上可以反应出汛期所具有的过程性,更适合汛期的分期分析。〖     

Nitrous oxide emission by denitrifying phosphorus removal culture using polyhydroxyalkanoates as carbon source

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission has been reported to be enhanced during denitrification when internally-stored compounds are used as carbon sources. However, negligible N₂O emissions have been detected in the few studies where polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) were specifically used. This study investigated and compared the potential enhancement of N₂O production, based on utilization of an internally-stored polymer and external carbon (acetate) by a denitrifying phosphorus removal culture. Results indicated that at relatively low chemical oxygen demand-to-nitrogen (COD/N) ratios, more nitrite was reduced to N₂O in the presence of an external carbon source as compared to an internal carbon source (PHA). At relatively higher COD/N ratios, similar N₂O reduction rates were obtained in all cases regardless of the type of carbon source available. N₂O reduction rates were, however, generally higher in the presence of an internal carbon source. Results from the study imply that when the presence of an external carbon source is not sufficient to support denitrification, it is likely competitively utilized by different metabolic pathways of denitrifying polyphosphate accumulating organisms (DPAOs) and other ordinary denitrifiers. This study also reveals that the consumption of PHA is potentially the rate-limiting step for N₂O reduction during denitrification.     

无机砷和甲基砷在水稻体内吸收运移的比较研究

由于含甲基砷的农药残留或土壤中微生物的砷甲基化作用,除了无机砷,水稻籽粒中也可以检测到相当含量的不同形态的甲基砷.通过水培试验研究了不同形态砷在水稻幼苗中的吸收、转运、转化和外排.结果表明,水稻中各形态砷的含量排序为:亚砷酸盐(As(Ⅲ))>单甲基砷盐(MMA(Ⅴ))>砷酸盐(As(Ⅴ))>二甲基砷盐(DMA(Ⅴ)),但从地下部向地上部的转运系数排序为:DMA(Ⅴ)>As(Ⅲ)>As(Ⅴ)>MMA(Ⅴ).实验中未发现水稻体内无机砷向甲基砷的转化,甲基砷向无机砷的转化比例也较低,但观察到MMA(Ⅴ)部分被还原为MMA(Ⅲ).相比其地上部和地下部的吸收量,DMA(Ⅴ)在水稻中通过木质部(向上)和韧皮部(向下)的转运比例在4种形态砷中最高.甲基砷(MMA(Ⅴ)和DMA(Ⅴ))通过根系外排的速率和比例明显的高于无机砷(As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)).实验结果表明,不同形态砷的累积与其在水稻体内的吸收、运移及砷的根系外排密切相关.     

基于体验模式的景观美学评价技术及应用

由于景观美学评价的主观特性,虽经五十多年的探索,各国学者仍未能就景观美学评价的理论达成共识。基于体验模式的评价技术更由于其凸显的主观元素而被多数研究者排除在科学评价体系之外。文章综合应用生态学、心理学、美学、地理信息系统(GIS)等学科的知识,理论研究和实证分析相结合,探究了该评价技术的科学合理性。研究以武汉后官湖地区为个案,采用网格布点法,借助地理信息系统(GIS)技术的支持,运用基于体验模式的评价技术,完成对研究区的景观美学评价。结果显示,研究区内景观美学评分等级的分布与其景观元素类别的分布表现出较好的一致性,这在一定程度上验证了该评价技术的科学合理性。另外,结论分析了该技术环节上存在的主要问题及方法上的优劣。     

内蒙古自治区应急监测预警体系建设思路

随着内蒙古自治区经济的飞速发展,带来了一系列的环境风险问题。自治区也应该建立与之相配套的应急监测预警体系,本文着重介绍了该体系建设的相关内容。