武昌湖典型退化湿地菰草根际微生物群落结构

为研究淡水湖泊湿地微生物群落结构与退化湿地环境之间的关系,选取武昌湖湿地菰草根际水体、根际土壤、根下湖泊沉积物3组环境样本,提取样本微生物基因组DNA,并利用16S r DNA基因进行454高通量测序,共得到优质序列17 051条,产生2 062条OUTs。结果表明:武昌湖退化湿地菰草根际具有较为复杂的微生物群落结构,涉及15门48属,其中以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)为主要门类;菰草根际不同微环境微生物群落结构存在明显差异,生物多样性指数Shannon、Chao、ACE指数及OTUs均呈现根际土壤湖泊沉积物根际水体的变化特征。探究湿地退化过程中植被菰草根际微生物群落结构特征,对揭示长江中下游浅水湖泊湿地退化机理具有重要意义。     

大气网格化监测运行维护管理现状与展望

"十三五"期间,大气网格化监测快速发展,为环境精细化管理提供了技术支撑。由于其相对于国家环境空气质量自动监测标准站具有设备小型化、无站房、点站数量大、运维人员技术水平偏低、管理人员少等特点,难以应用已有标准站运行维护管理机制。该文以北京市大气PM_(2.5)网格化监测工作为例,回顾了我国在大气网格化监测领域开展的工作与现状,重点介绍运用质量管理思维建立的运行维护管理体系。根据目前我国大气污染防治形势,"十四五"期间大气网格化监测可以从提升设备性能、加强检定与质量控制等方面提升数据质量,通过多指标联合质控与审核等完善运维体系,运用大数据技术唤醒海量数据价值等方面持续开展研究,支撑O_3和PM_(2.5)协同控制。     

A geometric approach to determine adsorption and desorption kinetic constants

A geometric method based on Langmuir kinetics has been derived to determine adsorption and desorption kinetic constants. In the conventional procedure, either the adsorption kinetic constant (k(a)c) or desorption kinetic constant (k(d)c) is found from kinetic experiments and the other is calculated by their correlation with the equilibrium constant, i.e, k(d)c = Kcon/k(a)c, where Kcon has been known from equilibrium studies. The determined constants (Kcon, k(a)c, k(d)c), if based only on the conventional procedure, may not be accurate due to their mathematical dependence. Therefore, the objectives of this study are applying a geometric approach to directly determine Langmuir kinetic constants and describe adsorption behavior. In this approach, both adsorption kinetic constant (k(a)g) and desorption kinetic constant (k(d)g) are obtained only from data of kinetic experiments, and a geometric equilibrium constant (Kgeo) is calculated by Kgeo = k(a)g/k(d)g. The deviation between Kgeo and Kcon can prove the accuracy of k(a)g and k(d)g which were determined by this method. This approach was applicable to selenate, selenite and Mg2+ adsorption onto SiO2 regardless of whether the adsorbate formed inner- or outer-sphere complexes. However, this method showed some deviation between Kcon and Kgeo for Mn2+ adsorption because of the formation of surface Mn(II)-hydroxide clusters, which was inconsistent with the basic assumption of this method of monolayer adsorption.     

基于运输模型的安全疏散方案优化方法探讨

提出了一种基于运输模型的安全疏散方案优化方法,该方法考虑了所有疏散路径在疏散中的使用和各疏散路径最不利通行段及共用通行段的疏散能力大小,以及某个疏散初始位置所容纳疏散人员的个性特征,可得到针对某特定建筑在各种场景下疏散而不出现人群滞留现象的最优疏散方案。     

丝状菌膨胀对无纺布生物反应器处理效果及膜污染特征的影响

研究了丝状菌膨胀状态和正常污泥状态下无纺布生物反应器的污泥絮体形态、出水水质对比,膜通量变化,膜阻力分析和胞外聚合物(EPS)含量分析.结果表明,膨胀污泥的平均粒径为448.6μm,正常污泥的平均粒径为234.8μm;丝状菌膨胀状态下的平均COD去除率、NH+4-N去除率、出水浊度分别为90.1%、93.1%、1.33 NTU,较之正常污泥状态下的91.4%、97.0%、0.99 NTU,丝状菌膨胀对COD去除几乎没有影响,对NH+4-N去除有一定的抑制,对出水浊度略有影响;膨胀污泥状态和正常污泥状态下的平均膜通量衰减速率分别为3.29 L·(m2·h2)-1、4.87 L·(m2·h2)-1,膨胀状态下的膜污染较轻,膨胀状态下的膜污染以可逆污染为主,正常状态下以不可逆污染为主,优先发生可逆污染可以减少不可逆污染的发生,从而减缓膜通量的下降;正常污泥和膨胀污泥混合液中溶解性微生物产物(SMP)含量分别为21.369 mg·L-1、10.182 mg·L-1,蛋白质/多糖(P/C)分别为0.370、0.497,SMP的总量与膜污染阻力有关系,P/C与可逆污染所占的比例有关系,混合液污泥的松散附着性EPS与膜污染的关系同SMP相似;EPS含量较高的污泥更易于在膜表面累积,并且累积于膜表面的EPS主要是蛋白质,混合液污泥EPS总量、膜面污泥EPS以及它们的P/C都与膜表面可逆污染存在正相关性.     

氧化甲苯的MnOx-CeO2催化剂表面活性物种研究

采用氧化还原共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Mn/Ce摩尔比的MnOx-CeO2复合氧化物,并考察其对甲苯的催化活性.结果表明,MnOx-CeO2复合氧化物的催化活性优于单一CeO2,MnOx(0.5)-CeO2的催化活性最高,T90=190℃.同时,借助BET、XRD、H2-TPR、Raman和XPS等技术对催化剂的结构及表面活性物种等进行了表征.结果显示,Mn进入CeO2的立方萤石结构后形成固溶体结构,使得MnOx-CeO2复合氧化物的比表面积增大,氧空位和晶格氧含量增多,表面氧流动性增强.最后,对MnOx(0.5)-CeO2进行XPS和不同激发波长的Raman测试.结果显示,Mn主要分布在催化剂表面,且主要以Mn4+形式存在,Ce主要分布在催化剂体相.研究表明,高度分散在催化剂表面的Mn4+在甲苯氧化中起主要作用,Ce4+并未直接参与反应,而是起到了电子传递的作用.     

Chromate reduction on humic acid derived from a peat soil--exploration of the activated sites on HAs for chromate removal

Humic substances are a major component of soil organic matter that influence the behavior and fate of heavy metals such as Cr(VI), a toxic and carcinogenic element. In the study, a repetitive extraction technique was used to fractionate humic acids (HAs) from a peat soil into three fractions (denoted as F1, F2, and F3), and the relative importance of O-containing aromatic and aliphatic domains in humic substances for scavenging Cr(VI) was addressed at pH 1. Spectroscopic analyses indicated that the concentrations of aromatic C and O-containing functional groups decreased with a progressive extraction as follows: F1>F2>F3. Cr(VI) removal by HA proceeded slowly, but it was enhanced when light was applied due to the production of efficient reductants, such as superoxide radical and H(2)O(2), for Cr(VI). Higher aromatic- and O-containing F1 fraction exhibited a greater efficiency for Cr(VI) reduction (with a removal rate of ca. 2.89 mmol g(-1) HA under illumination for 3 h). (13)C NMR and FTIR spectra further demonstrated that the carboxyl groups were primarily responsible for Cr(VI) reduction. This study implied the mobility and fate of Cr(VI) would be greatly inhibited in the environments containing such organic groups.     

仿生植物处理城市生活污水研究

选择成本相对低廉的3种不同材料构建仿生植物,研究不同材料构建的仿生植物对污染水体的净化效果,筛选出性价比较好的仿生植物材料,并分别进行原位挂膜培养和专有菌株挂膜培养.结果表明,原位培养的生物膜对COD去除效果较好,平均去除率为76.92％专有菌株培养的生物膜对氨氮的去除效果较好,平均去除率达到了91.47％;2种挂膜方式对TP的去除率较为接近,平均去除率分别为73.04％和70.43％.     

Radiological monitoring: terrestrial natural radionuclides in Kinta District,Perak, Malaysia

Natural background gamma radiation and radioactivity concentrations were investigated from 2003 to 2005 in Kinta District, Perak, Malaysia. Sample locations were distant from any ‘amang’ processing plants. The external gamma dose rates ranged from 39 to 1039 nGy h⁻¹. The mean external gamma dose rate was 222 ± 191 nGy h⁻¹. Small areas of relatively enhanced activity were located having external gamma dose rates of up to 1039 ± 104 nGy h⁻¹. The activity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were analyzed by using a high-resolution co-axial HPGe detector system. The activity concentration ranges were 12–426 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²³⁸U, 19–1377 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²³²Th and <19–2204 Bq kg⁻¹ for ⁴⁰ K. Based on the radioactivity levels determined, the gamma-absorbed dose rates in air at 1 m above the ground were calculated. The calculated dose rates and measured dose rates had a good correlation coefficient, R of 0.94. To evaluate the radiological hazard of the natural radioactivity, the radium equivalent activity, the gamma-absorbed dose rate and the mean population weighted dose rate were calculated. An isodose map for the Kinta District was also produced.