我国典型城市PM_(2.5)空间分布均匀性分析

随着空气质量新标准的实施,从2013年开始我国部分城市先期开展了PM2.5的例行监测,从中选取不同区域的典型城市,分析了PM2.5在环境中的分布情况。分析结果表明:典型城市PM2.5日均值相对标准偏差(RSD)范围为13%~26%,平均值为18%;我国南方城市PM2.5空间分布均匀性优于北方城市,北方城市冬、春季节PM2.5分布的均匀性较差,南方城市夏季PM2.5分布的均匀性较差;PM2.5的空间分布均匀程度与PM10接近,但明显优于其他气态污染物。综合分析认为,目前我国国家监测网内PM2.5监测点位的代表性能够满足城市空气质量监测与评价工作需要。     

Heavy metals contamination in mudflat and mangrove sediments (Mumbai,India)

The focus of this study, carried out on mudflat and mangrove sediments of Ulhas Estuary and Thane Creek in Mumbai, India, documents how sediment analysis in different ecosystems can help in understanding metal behaviour and pollution status of the region. Based on the the geoaccumulation index (I _geo ), the study shows that the estuarine and creek regions, being recipients of industrial and domestic wastes, display moderate pollution. Ulhas Estuary with higher clay and organic matter contents, exhibits higher amounts of metals than Thane Creek. Furthermore, using correlation and cluster analyses, the creek projects stable subenvironments with similar types of metal associations, with Fe and total organic carbon as the dominant metal carriers. By contrast, in the estuarine subenvironments, the metal associations do not reveal any distinct trend, which may be attributed to the disturbance caused by dredging activities routinely carried out in the region. Factor analysis carried out on I _geo data in both regions further helped in identifying polluted metal groups.     

Roles of digital technology in China's sustainable forestry development

China has the fifth largest forest area in the world and any change in China's forestry development will have inevitable impacts on global ecological sustainability. China has undergone excessive logging of natural forests and also made tremendous efforts in afforestation during the past half century. China's forestry is now going through a variety of transitions and several forestry programs have been implemented to drive forestry transitions. The goal of these actions is to protect ecological services of forests and sustain China's forestry development. These forestry programs are spatially sophisticated and cannot be successfully implemented without accurate and transparent forest/forestry information. A variety of digital technologies, including forest modeling, remote sensing, geographic information systems, global positioning systems, and visualization, have been applied in handling diverse information in China's forestry. Digital forestry is not just a theoretical concept in China. Our digital forestry experience in northeast China suggests that digital technology is both usable and useful in China's forestry development. Digital technology is playing an important interactive role in China's top-down forestry administration system. The analog-to-digital transition in technology is expected to lead to the success of forestry programs and forestry transitions in China.     

三维电极电化学反应器组合Fenton试剂深度处理焦化废水

采用三维电极电化学反应器组合Fenton试剂法对经过二级生化处理后的焦化废水进行深度处理。在三维电极参数一定的条件下,考察了影nfi]TOC去除率的影响因素,探讨了该反应体系的降解动力学及降解机理。正交试验结果表明,反应体系中各参数的最佳值分别为p（H202投加量）=300mg·L-1,pH3．4,反应时间为90min,c（FeS04-7H20投加量）为3．5mmol·L-1,TOC去除率可达到61．7％。焦化废水的降解反应表现为一级动力学。紫外吸收光谱分析结果,废水中有机物彻底发生了降解矿化,这为三维电极组合Fenton试剂工艺在焦化废水深度处理中的工程应用提供了一定的理论指导。     

Monitoring and reporting attacks on education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Somalia

The United Nations' Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism is charged with documenting six grave violations against children in a time of conflict, including attacks on schools. Many of these incidents, however, remain unreported across the globe. This study explores whether or not a local knowledge base of education and child protection actors in North and South Kivu Provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and in Mogadishu, Somalia, could contribute to a more complete record of attacks on education in those areas. Hundreds of semi‐structured interviews were conducted with key informants across the three settings, and in total 432 attacks on education were documented. Purposive samples of these reports were verified and a large majority was confirmed. Local non‐governmental organisations and education institutions were most knowledgeable about these incidents, but most never reported them to a monitoring authority. The study concludes that attack surveillance and response were largely insufficient, and recommends investing in mechanisms that utilise local knowledge to address these shortcomings.     

多级A/OVTBR组合工艺处理焦化废水

采用水解酸化、多级A/O垂直折流生物膜反应器(vertical tubulant biological reactor,VTBR)、混凝和Fenton氧化组合技术对实际焦化废水进行处理。其中水解酸化预处理阶段提高了废水可生化性,混凝降低了生化处理的有机负荷,一级A/O VTBR以脱碳为主,二级A/O VTBR主要脱碳和脱氮,三级好氧VTBR强化对氨氮的去除,Fenton氧化则对生化出水进行深度处理。试验结果表明:在进水ρ(COD)为3 000～3 500 mg/L,ρ(BOD5)为1 212 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为109 mg/L条件下,保持好氧段ρ(DO)为3～7 mg/L,缺氧段ρ(DO)<1 mg/L,总停留时间HRT 56 h,该工艺对COD、BOD5、NH3-N的去除率分别为98%、99%、95%,出水达GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准。     

Validation of Methods for Determination of Metabolic Rate in the Edholm Scale and ISO 8996

The aim of this study was to validate the Edholm scale (Edholm, 1966) and the ISO 8996 standard (International Organization for Standardization [ISO], 1990) by comparing the metabolic rates estimated for both methods with the actual measured metabolic rate (M_Meas) in 6 manual material handling tasks simulated under laboratory conditions. The metabolic rate was calculated from oxygen consumption VO₂ (19 participants) according to Standard No. ISO 8996 (ISO, 1990). Additionally, the participants estimated perceived exertion using the Borg scale. The metabolic rates derived from the Edholm scale (M_Edh) overestimated 5 of 6 activities by 34-50% (α = .05). The metabolic rates derived from ISO 8996 (M_ISO) overestimated all activities by 7-38% (α =.05).     

Solubility of ion and trace metals from stabilized sewage sludge by fly ash and alkaline mine tailing

Stabilized sewage sludge （SS） by fly ash （FA） and alkaline mine tailing as artificial soil, to be applied on the ecological rehabilitation at mining junkyards, offers a potentially viable utilization of the industrial by-product, as well as solves the shortage of soil resource in the mine area. An incubation experiment with different ratios of SS and FA was conducted to evaluate the solubility of ions and trace elements from stabilized sewage sludge. Results showed that fly ash offset a decrease in pH value of sewage sludge. The pH of （C） treatment （FA：SS = 1：1） was stable and tended to neutrality. The SO4^2- and Cl^- concentrations of the solution in the mixture were significantly decreased in the stabilized sewage sludge by alkaline fly ash and mine tailing, compared to the single SS treatment. Stabilized sewage sludge by FA weakened the nitrification of total nitrogen from SS when the proportion of FA in the mixture was more than 50%. The Cr, Ni, and Cu concentrations in the solution were gradually decreased and achieved a stable level after 22 days, for all treatments over the duration of the incubation. Moreover stabilized sewage sludge by fly ash and/or mine tailing notably decreased the trace metal solubility. The final Cr, Cu, and Ni concentrations in the solution for all mixtures of treatments were lower than 2.5, 15, and 50 μg/L, respectively.     

城市热力景观格局季节变化特征分析及其应用

热岛效应是城市发展过程中所产生的特有的环境问题,已经成为一种城市环境公害,对其形成和演变规律的研究有助于人们提出有效的应对措施。热力景观是分析城市热岛空间格局的一种新方法。以厦门为研究对象,利用2002年1、2、3、8、12月的Landsat ETM＋影像数据进行地表温度反演,在此基础上使用景观格局指数分析厦门城市热力景观格局的季节变化特征。结果表明：厦门城市热岛在夏季（8月）最强,春秋次之,冬季（1月）最弱。该变化特征是城市地表吸收太阳辐射和人为废热排放随季节变化的共同结果。应用该方法对2002年厦门热污染源进行调查,发现当年共有热污染源26个,其中工业热污染源18个。该研究可为环保、能源等部门乃至于整个城市的规划管理提供有力的决策依据。     

大气污染物指纹系统构建及在污染溯源中的应用

基于污染物检测特征信息结合区域产业结构、企业布局等信息构建了大气污染物指纹系统,通过污染物检测特征信息构建的第一级指纹数据库实现了对大气特征污染物的识别和污染物应急处置措施的推送;通过污染源行业及其排放的特征污染物信息构建的第二级指纹数据库实现了产排污行业的溯源;通过企业及其产排污信息,结合气象条件构建的第三级指纹数据库实现了对产排污企业的溯源。基于大气污染物指纹数据库的污染溯源技术为突发环境污染事故中污染物质的识别和污染源的追踪提供了新途径。实际应用验证表明,大气污染物指纹系统污染溯源响应快速、识别精准,实现了大气污染物从监测、溯源到应急处置的全过程无缝衔接。