水环境承载力方法研究

文章给出水环境承载力概念,以及对现有的水环境承载力研究方法进行分析,提出基于水量水质相关法的水环境承载力计算模型,并对其进行实证研究。结果表明,将水量水质相关法应用于水环境承载力的研究,具有建模方便、直观简单的特点,为水环境承载力研究提供了一种新途径。     

Organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Baiyangdian Lake, North China： Concentrations, sources profiles and potential risk

Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were determined in nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river(Fuhe River) in North China.Total concentrations of OCPs,PCBs and PAHs in sediments ranged from 5.4 to 707.6 ng/g,2.3 to 197.8 ng/g,and 101.3 to 6360.5 ng/g,respectively.The levels of contaminants in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake.For hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenytrichloroethanes(DDTs),α-HCH and p,p-DDT were predominant isomers;while for PCBs,PCB 28/31,PCB 40/103,PCB 60,PCB 101,and PCB 118 were predominant congeners.Possible sources derived from historical usage for OCPs and incomplete combustion fuel,wood,and coal and exhaustion of boats or cars for PAHs.Risk assessment of sediment indicated that sediments in Fuhe River were likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.     

Shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands in the West Songnen Plain,China

In the past century, especially the past five decades, the grasslands of the West Songnen Plain, Northeast China, were rapidly converted into croplands and salinized wasteland, and experienced a fragmentation process that is still ongoing. Almost no information is available on the spatial-temporal changes of grasslands in this area. In this study, grassland cover change, agricultural reclamation and salinized wasteland expansion were investigated during the past five decades. Grassland fragmentation was studied based on four landscape metrics. The grassland cover change was detected from a time series of topographic maps from 1954, satellite images of Landsat TM in 1986, 1995, and 2000 using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). In addition, the land use changes were analyzed using a transition matrix of land use types, while the driving forces were explored according to climatic changes and socioeconomic developments. The results indicated a significant decrease in grassland area. Of the 1 418 945 ha of native grassland in 1954, approximately 64% was removed by 2000, while the number of patches (NP) increased from 865 to 2035 and the mean patch size (MPS) decreased from 1640 ha to 252 ha. During the whole study period, the average annual decrease rate of grassland was 34 894 ha/year. Cropland and salinized wasteland were the two main land use types into which grassland converted. During the past decades, obvious climatic changes occurred, which supplied a favorable potential environment for agricultural development but damaged grassland productivity. On the other hand, population, GDP and livestock number increased significantly as grassland quality decreased. According to the results, the shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands may well be explained by socioeconomic development and aided by changing climatic conditions.     

微波协同氧化预处理垃圾渗滤液NF膜滤浓缩液研究

针对城市生活垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液NF膜处理后产生的浓缩液处理难问题,采用微波协同氧化技术对其进行预处理,探讨了pH值、预反应时间、药剂用量、微波反应时间等因素对浓缩液CODcr及色度去除率的影响.结果表明:当pH=4,预反应时间60 min,药剂用量1g/l、微波反应时间3 min时,CODcr、色度的去除率分别为71.2%,80%.预处理后的出水CODcr及色度指标达到垃圾渗滤液现有生化处理系统的进水要求.     

环境污染型项目中农村移民安置规划研究--以梅城垃圾填埋场为例

在一些环境污染型工程项目中,做好农村移民的安置规划工作尤为重要。借助世行贷款项目,通过持续的实际调研,以梅城垃圾填埋场为例,介绍了项目的建设主要内容及影响。从征地补偿安置、农村住宅房屋拆迁安置及弱势群体及妇女权益保护三个方面论述了农村移民生产生活安置方式。基于此,总结出了以下四个结论：(1)严格遵守相关法律法规、(2)征迁过程与安置工作相协调、(3)合理补偿,适当调整、(4)强化机构建设和人员能力培养。并提出了四条合理化建议。     

胜利油田区水体中环境雌激素生态风险评估

为了评价胜利油田石油开采对水体中雌激素生态风险。首先,检测胜利油田区26个样品中盐度、总氮、总磷、余氯、COD、石油烃类物质含量6个常规水质指标,结果发现水体中总氮及COD的含量均值达到5.2mg/L及64mg/L,这表明该区域有机污染物及富营养化程度比较严重。其次,利用人雌激素受体基因酵母干粉法检测了样品中环境雌激素含量,结果分析发现不同采样点间的雌激素污染水平不同,雌激素含量与水质指标间无显著相关性。样品中雌激素含量范围0.046-0.072ng/L,均值为0.062ng/L,雌激素水平相对较低,这证实胜利油田水体存在环境雌激素生态风险值也较低。     

AHP-FUZZY综合评价法在确定清洁生产审核重点中的应用研究——以武汉市某电源公司为例

清洁生产审核是将清洁生产理念转变为企业层次上操作的具体程序,在进行审核时首要步骤是确定审核重点。现阶段确定审核重点主要运用权重总和计分排序法,该方法易受审核者主观影响,审核质量不易控制。AHP-Fuzzy综合评价法作为一种系统分析方法很好地弥补了权重总和计分排序法的不足,在系统工程的很多领域都有广泛应用。通过确定银泰电源公司清洁生产审核重点,建立七工段层次模型:确立目标,明确问题;建立系统的层次结构;构造判断矩阵;进行层次的单排序及一致性检验;进行层次总排序一致性检验;根据排序结果,提出决策建议,验证了该综合评价法在清洁生产审核应用中的科学性、可行性和准确性,能将比较复杂、不够确定的多因素问题转化为有数字依据的简单易行的评价模式,为企业清洁生产的定量考核和指标化管理提供了一个科学的评价方法。     

生物膜法处理地表水研究与应用进展

介绍了目前中国地表水的污染概况,指出地表水污染情况依然不容乐观,主要污染指标为总氮和总磷,修复受污染地表水的主要方法为生物法,论述了生物技术中的生物膜法处理地表水的原理,总结并分析了国内外相关生物膜法处理技术及其优缺点,并列举了相关应用实例,最后根据国外河道整治的发展历程,对该技术的发展趋势作了展望,因生物膜-生态联合治理技术综合了生态系统方法及生物净化技术的优点,认为生物膜-生态联合治理技术将是今后地表水处理技术发展的一大趋势。     

江安河武侯区段水质改善的环境经济效益研究

根据成都市江安河武侯区段2010年11月-2011年3月的水质监测数据,结合中国地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)和四川省实际确定水体中各污染物因子的本底浓度对该区段污水处理环境效益进行了分析。首先通过污染经济损失模型计算COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TP、SS和硫化物对水经济价值的损失率,然后在讨论COD、NH3-N、TP和硫化物减排情况的基础上计算了各种污染指标减排至达标后所产生的环境经济效益。研究结果表明,江安河武侯区段水体污染的综合污染损失率高达99.99%,如果各种污染物减排达标至IV类标准产生的环境经济效益14 912万元人民币/a,而减排达标至III类标准产生的环境经济效益更是高达15 786万元人民币/a。     

流溪河水库水环境容量研究

研究在流溪河水库水质现状调查的基础上,结合历史调查资料,采用了Vollenweider模型、OECD模型对流溪河水库水质进行了模拟并对TN、TP水环境容量进行了计算。结果表明,水库的TN、TP水环境容量在2005-2009年间分别是364.21-661.49 t/a、25.37-44.15 t/a,水环境容量与降雨量呈正相关,由于水库的降雨量年际变化比较大,导致水库的水环境容量的年际变化也较大。从流溪河水库4年的平均状况来看,水库总氮没有剩余容量,应削减负荷22.53%,总磷的剩余容量为2.27t/a,占其总环境容量的比重为18.27%。