北京市污水处理厂出水中药物和个人护理品的季节变化及其生态风险评价

由于污水处理厂出水中含有微量有机污染物,这些污染物能够通过污水处理厂出水进入到水环境中,对生态系统和人体健康存在潜在的威胁.为探明污水处理厂出水中药物和个人护理品（Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products,PPCPs）在不同季节中的浓度分布及生态风险情况,本研究于2019年的春季、夏季和秋季分别对北京市5座污水处理厂出水中PPCPs的赋存情况和浓度变化进行了调查分析,并对其进行了生态风险评价.结果表明：5座污水处理厂出水中PPCPs检出率为100%的化合物包括磺胺甲恶唑、克拉霉素、卡马西平、避蚊胺、美托洛尔、咖啡因、氧氟沙星和双氯芬酸;PPCPs在不同季节中表现出一定的浓度分布差异,其中磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲恶唑、克拉霉素、吉非罗齐、苯扎贝特、氯贝酸、美托洛尔、普萘洛尔、卡马西平、甲氧苄啶、避蚊胺在春季出水中的浓度明显高于其在夏季和秋季出水中浓度,而双氯芬酸、甲芬那酸、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星和咖啡因则在夏季出水中浓度要略高于其在春季和秋季出水中的浓度;通过对PPCPs的生态风险评价发现,避蚊胺在一个春季样品中为中风险污染物,在其他样品中均为低风险污染物,磺胺甲恶唑和美托洛尔的最大RQ值分别为0.09和0.08,接近中风险,其他PPCPs均为低风险污染物.     

孔隙堵塞效应降低生物质炭-磁铁矿混合物对镉的吸附能力

利用吸附实验,通过吸附等温模型,研究了磁铁矿、生物质炭和生物质炭-磁铁矿混合物对Cd的吸附能力;在此基础上,使用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和BCR连续提取法对吸附介质上Cd的结合形态进行分析.Langmuir和Freundlich两种吸附等温模型拟合结果表明,无论单一的磁铁矿和生物质炭或是二者的混合物对Cd的吸附均为单层吸附.磁铁矿和生物质炭对Cd单独吸附的吸附量分别为18.9、14.0 mg·kg^-1,而生物质炭-磁铁矿混合物对Cd的吸附量为12.0 mg·kg^-1,低于其单独吸附Cd的吸附能力.当加入胡敏酸（HA）时,磁铁矿和生物质炭对Cd的吸附量分别为23.0、14.7 mg·kg^-1,混合物对Cd的吸附量为13.3 mg·kg^-1,混合后材料对Cd的吸附能力均降低.粒径、孔隙度和形貌表征结果显示,生物质炭粒径（10~100 μm）远大于磁铁矿粒径（1~10 μm）,混合后部分磁铁矿纳米颗粒堵塞生物质炭的微孔,使混合后材料孔隙度明显降低（88.5%~74.5%）,从而导致混合材料吸附能力下降.XPS分析中,与磁铁矿混合或加入HA都对生物质炭表面C—O官能团含量有影响,从而影响吸附效果.从XPS结果还可以看出,吸附后的Cd全部以Cd²⁺形式存在,BCR连续提取也证明吸附剂上的Cd主要以可交换态存在.磁铁矿和生物质炭除去Cd主要依赖表面吸附、络合及共沉淀.吸附的Cd较不稳定,随着环境变化容易发生解吸作用,重新释放到环境中.     

SSD法对西南碳酸盐岩母质区稻田土壤镉污染类型划分研究

在我国西南地区典型碳酸盐岩母质区域存在现行农用地土壤镉（Cd）污染风险管控标准值偏严的现象,表现为土壤中Cd含量超标而农产品中Cd无安全风险.针对该现实问题,在基于该地区稻米-土壤协同调查数据的基础上,充分考虑了土壤理化性质,通过分析样品中Cd的富集系数（BCF）并利用物种敏感性（SSD）分布模型,对Cd毒性剂量-效应关系进行拟合,最终反推出在不同pH下适用于典型碳酸盐岩类成土母质农用地土壤Cd污染的风险筛选值和管控值.结果表明:当土壤pH在5.5 < pH ≤ 6.5范围时,基于保护90%及10%的水稻品种安全所得的土壤Cd毒性阈值分别为HC₁₀=0.34 mg/kg和HC₉₀=2.00 mg/kg;在pH ≤ 5.5、6.5 < pH ≤ 7.5、pH > 7.5这3个pH条件下,HC₁₀分别为0.22、0.68和0.80 mg/kg,HC₉₀分别为1.64、4.80和9.20 mg/kg,当土壤中Cd含量低于HC₁₀时,表明稻米安全风险较低;当土壤中Cd含量介于HC₁₀~HC₉₀之间时,表明稻米安全具有一定风险,应对稻田土壤采取安全利用措施;当土壤中Cd含量超过HC₉₀时,表明稻米安全具有极高风险,应对稻田土壤采取严格管控措施.研究显示,我国西南地区典型碳酸盐岩母质区域农产品超标点位主要集中于5.5 < pH ≤ 6.5范围内,表明土壤pH对稻米Cd的富集效应有较大影响,在酸性条件下其富集效应更为显著.      

责任矩阵在隐患排查治理中的应用

隐患排查治理是企业安全管理的主线,排查治理对象除人的不安全行为、物的不安全状态和不良的工作环境外,更应侧重于管理缺陷。针对目前管理缺陷排查治理方法论研究较少的问题,将项目管理工具—责任矩阵引入隐患排查体系。结合安全管理的特点,建立了隐患排查治理责任矩阵流程和应用准则,并通过某隐患排查治理责任矩阵的建立和应用对该方法进行了验证。研究表明,责任矩阵便于查找隐患背后的管理缺陷,可推动企业由下向上逐步完善安全生产责任制,对持续提升企业安全生产管理水平具有一定指导意义。     

Environmental impact of incineration of calorific industrial waste: Rotary kiln vs. cement kiln

Rotary kiln incinerators and cement kilns are two energy intensive processes, requiring high temperatures that can be obtained by the combustion of fossil fuel. In both processes, fossil fuel is often substituted by high or medium calorific waste to avoid resource depletion and to save costs. Two types of industrial calorific waste streams are considered: automotive shredder residue (ASR) and meat and bone meal (MBM). These waste streams are of current high interest: ASR must be diverted from landfill, while MBM can no longer be used for cattle feeding. The environmental impact of the incineration of these waste streams is assessed and compared for both a rotary kiln and a cement kiln. For this purpose, data from an extensive emission inventory is applied for assessing the environmental impact using two different modeling approaches: one focusing on the impact of the relevant flows to and from the process and its subsystems, the other describing the change of environmental impact in response to these physical flows. Both ways of assessing emphasize different aspects of the considered processes. Attention is paid to assumptions in the methodology that can influence the outcome and conclusions of the assessment. It is concluded that for the incineration of calorific wastes, rotary kilns are generally preferred. Nevertheless, cement kilns show opportunities in improving their environmental impact when substituting their currently used fuels by more clean calorific waste streams, if this improvement is not at the expense of the actual environmental impact.     

Current pesticide practices and environmental issues in Vietnam: management challenges for sustainable use of pesticides for tropical crops in (South-East) Asia to avoid environmental pollution

Pesticides are widely used in modern agriculture to minimize financial losses and maintain food supplies. In southeast Asia, where agriculture is the principal economic activity, pesticides are considered essential, particularly in tropical regions seeking to enter the global economy by providing off-season fresh fruits and vegetables. The absence of a strong legal framework for pesticides facilitated a significant increase in the use of low-quality pesticides. Farmers ignore the risks, safety instructions, and protective directives when using pesticides. They are only concerned about the effectiveness of the pesticides for killing pests, without paying attention to the effects on their health and the environment. The improper usage of pesticides and the incorrect disposal of pesticide wastes contributed to the pollution of groundwater, surface water, and soil, and induced health problems in local communities. This paper describes the impact of the exposure of pesticides on human health and water resources in connection with the usage of pesticides and their management. Because of availability, the data are mainly taken for Northern Vietnam, and applied to the water quality in the delta; nevertheless, the problem relates to all countries in the delta, and similar situations may be found in other regions, particularly in Asia.     

PACT工艺系统中的吸附和生物降解性能研究

通过对比研究生物活性炭法(PACT)中各作用相对实际废水和模拟废水中污染物的吸附和生物降解性能,以及活性炭用量和污泥量对PACT降解污染物动力学的影响,探讨了PACT系统对废水处理的特征和作用机理. 结果表明:PACT工艺对污染物的去除效果要优于纯活性炭吸附和活性污泥法,且对污染物具有更好的持续去除效果. 活性炭用量越大,PACT工艺的处理效果越好,最佳污泥量〔以ρ(MLSS)计〕在1 500 mg/L以上. 动力学曲线拟合结果表明,伪二级动力学方程可以精确拟合PACT工艺降解有机物的过程,表明PACT工艺中吸附过程并非系统的控制步骤,生物降解性能至关重要. PACT系统污泥中活性炭的扫描电镜照片证明了活性炭作为微生物载体进行生物作用的事实,固定化载体作用是PACT系统主要的强化作用机理.      

中国区大气汞污染模型模拟初探

介绍并利用Community Multiscale Air Quality-Hg (CMAQ-Hg)多尺度大气汞污染模型,模拟研究了2005年6月24日—7月31日我国大气汞污染状况. 初步模拟结果表明:人为排放源高的地区(如有汞矿群分布、煤炭和火力发电厂及金属冶炼厂)的大气中ρ(汞)较高,大气中元素态汞(GEM)的月均ρ(汞)高于反应性气态汞(RGM)和颗粒汞(PHG),初步反映了我国大气汞污染的分布以及不同形态汞的浓度分布受汞排放源种类及其物理化学特性的影响特征. 在解决汞排放源清单不确定性较大的问题及将模型运行参数本地化后,CMAQ-Hg有望成为研究我国汞污染特点及其长程输送的有力工具.      

The application of predicted habitat models to investigate the spatial ecology of demersal fish assemblages

Benthic habitats are known to influence the abundance and richness of demersal fish assemblages; however, little is known about how habitat structure and composition influences these distributions at very fine scales. We examined how the benthic environment structures marine fish assemblages using high-resolution bathymetry and accurate predicted benthic habitat maps. Areas characterised by a mosaic of habitat patches supported the highest richness of demersal fishes. A total of 37.4% of the variation in the distribution of the fish assemblage was attributed to 6 significant variables. Depth explained 23.0% of the variation, with the boulders explaining 12.6% and relief 1.4%. The remaining measures (seawhips, light/exposure and solid reef) provided a small (<1.0%) but significant contribution. Identifying components of the benthic environment important in structuring fish assemblages and understanding how they influence the spatial distribution of marine fishes is imperative for better management of demersal fish populations.