高原地区机场自然环境谱编制研究

目的 编制高原地区机场自然环境谱。方法 通过分析装备典型失效案例,结合高原地区环境特征,得出高原地区影响飞机日历寿命的主要气象环境因素和化学环境因素,并进行为期1 a的实时监测和数据采集,最终编制机场自然环境谱。结果 高原地区两地机场气温较低(10.4℃),且昼夜温差大(28.2℃),低相对湿度低(61%),气压低(654hPa),太阳辐射强(8689.5MJ/m²),空气中沙尘较少,降水非常少,且雨水pH值接近中性,温度、太阳辐射、降雨等一般夏季较高、冬春季较低。同时,编制了高原两地机场的温度谱、湿度谱、温度–相对湿度谱、降水谱和综合环境谱等。结论 量化了高原地区机场的外场环境,对指导装备的高原环境适应性考核验证和腐蚀防护设计具有重要意义。     

车载精密光电设备平顺性试验研究

对某车载光电探测设备进行了平顺性试验研究。根据该光电设备的结构特点和性能要求,在旋转机座、俯仰转台和红外望远镜上选取3个测点,经试验得到了这3个测点在不同路况、不同车速情况下的加速度数据。通过对试验数据的整理,得出光电探测仪不同部位及整机的振动强度随车速变化曲线,为车载光电平台的减、隔振设计提供参考。     

Estimating uncertainties in the life cycle assessment of composting household biowaste and urban green waste in Germany

Life cycle assessment (LCA) of waste treatment processes is often associated with considerable uncertainties. The aim of this study is to estimate the total uncertainty in the modelled composting system and the influence of material and process parameters on the uncertainty. Four composting combinations with fresh (FC) and mature substrate compost (MSC) from partially enclosed (PEC) and open composting (OC) were investigated. Perturbation analysis was used to determine the effect of parameters on the result and Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the total uncertainty. This study showed that the production of MSC using PEC had the lowest overall impacts across all impact categories except ozone depletion. Results of the Monte Carlo simulation showed that comparing composting options was challenging. The sensitivity ratios obtained from the perturbation analysis showed that the process parameter percentage of carbon fraction degraded was the most influential for FC. In MSC, the moisture content in the input material and the substitution factor used for peat were the most influential. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated the overall uncertainty of the model and its relevance when comparing results between combinations. The perturbation analysis identified the parameters that required more accurate data to reduce the uncertainty in the model.

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中国生态保护政策的县域经济效应——来自国家重点生态功能区的证据

为保障生态产品供给，中国设立了限制开发的国家重点生态功能区，建立了生态保护转移支付制度.本文首次在县域层面构建2002~2017年县级面板数据，运用倾向得分匹配法构造政策组的“反事实”情形，基于双重差分法评估重点生态功能区政策的县域经济效应.结果表明，该政策提高了县域财力、长期来看一定程度改善了产业结构；以标准财政缺口为主的资金分配机制弱化了县域经济发展激励，资金补助不能完全抵消限制开发对县域经济带来的负向影响；固定资产投资和内资企业受影响较大.随着投入资金累积、生态产品价值的转化，该负向效应随时间而减弱、经济促增效应逐渐显现.政策效应在不同生态功能和经济区位间表现出明显的异质性.建议持续增加生态转移支付资金、将生态产品供给数量和质量作为资金分配依据，考虑按生态功能类型设计差异化政策，更好激励县域生态产品高水平供给与经济价值实现的双赢，促进区域均衡发展.