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31.
Genetic variability among males is a necessary precondition for the evolution of female choice based on indirect genetic benefits.
In addition to mutations and host–parasite cycles, migration of locally adapted individuals offers an explanation for the
maintenance of genetic variability. In a previous study, conducting a reciprocal transplant experiment on a grasshopper, Chorthippus biguttulus, we found that environmental conditions significantly influenced not only body condition but also an important trait of male
calling song, the amplitude of song. Although not significant, all other analysed physical and courtship song traits and attractiveness
were superior in native than in transferred males. Thus, we concluded that local adaptation has a slight but consistent influence
on a range of traits in our study populations, including male acoustic attractiveness. In our present study, we scanned male
grasshoppers from the same two populations for amplification fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci connected with acoustic
attractiveness to conspecific females. We found greater differences in allele frequencies between the two populations, for
some loci, than are expected from a balance between drift and gene flow. These loci are potentially connected with locally
adapted traits. We examined whether these alleles show the proposed genotype environment interaction by having different associations
with attractiveness in the two populations. One locus was significantly related to sexual attractiveness; however, this was
independent of the males’ population affiliation. Future research on the evolution of female choice will benefit from knowledge
of the underlying genetic architecture of male traits under intraspecific sexual selection, and the ‘population genomics’
approach can be a powerful tool for revealing this structure. 相似文献
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Lasse Marohn Enno Prigge Karsten Zumholz Andreas Klügel Heike Anders Reinhold Hanel 《Marine Biology》2009,156(5):927-933
Otolith microchemistry is widely used as a tool to track individual migration pathways of diadromous fish under the assumption
that the elemental composition of fish otoliths is directly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the surrounding
water. Nevertheless, several endogenous factors are reported to affect element incorporation into fish otoliths and might
lead to misinterpretations of migration studies. This study experimentally examined the influence of eight different diets
on the microchemical composition of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) otoliths using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Seven natural prey types and one
artificial diet were fed during 8 weeks in freshwater circuits. Results show for the first time that food has no significant
influence on the incorporation of Na, Sr, Ba, Mg, Mn, Cu and Y into European eel otoliths. This indicates that the incorporation
of elements usually chosen for migration studies is not affected by diet and that individual feeding behaviour of A. anguilla will not lead to any misinterpretation of migration pathways. 相似文献
34.
Shiny Mathews Shannon Henderson Dawn Reinhold 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(9):6025-6033
Commonly used in personal care products, triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) are two chemicals with antimicrobial properties that have recently been recognized as environmental contaminants with the potential to adversely affect human health. The objective of the study described herein was to evaluate the potential of food crops to uptake TCC and TCS. Eleven food crops, grown in hydroponic nutrient media, were exposed to a mixture of 500 μg L?1 TCC and TCS. After 4 weeks of exposure, roots accumulated 86–1,350 mg kg?1 of antimicrobials and shoots had accumulated 0.33–5.35 mg kg?1 of antimicrobials. Translocation from roots to shoots was less than 1.9 % for TCC and 3.7 % for TCS, with the greatest translocation for TCC observed for pepper, celery, and asparagus and for TCS observed for cabbage, broccoli, and asparagus. For edible tuber- or bulb-producing crops, the concentrations of both TCC and TCS were lower in the tubers than in the roots. Exposure calculations using national consumption data indicated that the average exposure to TCC and TCS from eating contaminated crops was substantially less than the exposure expected to cause adverse effects, but exceeded the predicted exposure from drinking water. Exposure to antimicrobials through food crops would be substantially reduced through limiting consumption of beets and onions. 相似文献
35.
Carmelo Fruciano Reinhold Hanel Paul V. Debes Concetta Tigano Venera Ferrito 《Marine Biology》2011,158(6):1271-1286
Sequence variation in the mitochondrial control region was studied in the Mediterranean rainbow wrasse (Coris julis), a species with pronounced pelagic larval phase inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and the adjacent coastal eastern Atlantic
Ocean. A total of 309 specimens from 19 sampling sites were analysed with the aim of elucidating patterns of molecular variation
between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean as well as within the Mediterranean Sea. Phylogeographic analyses revealed a pronounced
structuring into a Mediterranean and an Atlantic group. Samples from a site at the Moroccan Mediterranean coast in the Alboran
Sea showed intermediate frequencies of “Mediterranean” and “Atlantic” haplotypes. We recognised a departure from molecular
neutrality and a star-like genealogy for samples from the Mediterranean Sea, which we propose to have happened due to a recent
demographic expansion. The results are discussed in the light of previous studies on molecular variation in fish species between
the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and within the Mediterranean. 相似文献
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Kathryn L. E. Berry Janina Seemann Olaf Dellwig Ulrich Struck Christian Wild Reinhold R. Leinfelder 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(11):9089-9099
Marine ecosystems worldwide are threatened by aquatic pollution; however, there is a paucity in data from the Caribbean region. As such, five heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, copper, zinc, mercury) were measured in tissues of the scleractinian corals Porites furcata and Agaricia tenuifolia and in adjacent sediments in the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama. Samples were collected from five reef sites along a gradient of distance from an international shipping port and were analysed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry for mercury. Copper and zinc were the most abundant metals and ranged from 11 to 63 mg kg?1 and from 31 to 185 mg kg?1 in coral tissues, respectively. The highest concentration of each metal was measured in P. furcata tissues, with copper and mercury concentrations significantly higher in P. furcata than in A. tenuifolia at every site. These results suggest that P. furcata has a higher affinity for metal accumulation and storage than A. tenuifolia. With the exception of cadmium, metal concentrations in coral tissues were generally elevated at coral reefs in closer proximity to the port; however, this pattern was not observed in sediments. Hard coral cover was lowest at reefs in closest proximity to the port, suggesting that metal pollution from port-related activities is influencing hard coral abundance at nearby coral reefs. 相似文献
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39.
Summary During mating the males of the bushcricket Poecilimon veluchianus transfer a large spermatophore of about a quarter of their body weight to the female. Such nuptial feeding is often thought to function as paternal investment by increasing the fitness of the male's offspring. According to an alternative, though not mutually exclusive, hypothesis, the size of the spermatophore is maintained because of its function as a sperm protection device. In this case the cost to the male should be classified as mating effort. To discriminate between these two hypotheses we measured the duration of sperm transfer into the female spermatheca and the time taken for spermatophore consumption. A comparison of durations revealed that spermatophore consumption interferes with the process of sperm transfer (Fig. 4). There was no significant effect of spermatophore consumption on number of eggs laid, weight of eggs or absolute weight of hatched larvae. The relative dry weight of hatched larvae, however, was increased as a result of spermatophore consumption (Table 1). Thus spermatophylax size is adjusted in accordance with a sperm protection function and the spermatophylax therefore represents mating effort. The increase in relative dry weight indicates that there may also be a paternal investment effect of the spermatophylax, if the offspring that benefit from spermatophylax materials are fathered by the donating male.
Correspondence to: K. Reinhold 相似文献
40.