对突发环境事件应急立法的思考

建立突发环境事件应急法律体系,是一项复杂的系统工程,需要较长时间.而目前急需综合性的和可操作的法律规范,对突发环境事件予以规制.因此,可行的办法是尽快制定过渡性的《突发环境事件应急条例》制定该条例必须把握突发环境事件的内涵与现状,理清现行相关法律规范,以确立条例的宗旨,调整范围和原则,并在此基础上建立完善的突发环境事件应急法律制度.     

Screening for acute ocular toxicity of commercialized products of cartap,an insecticide,and correlation to blood concentrations in rabbits

Cartap is an insecticide known to produce contraction and damage to mouse and rabbit diaphragms, and plays a pivotal role in respiratory paralysis and mortality in rabbits. The aim of this study was conducted to screen for the toxic properties and blood concentrations of commercialized cartap products in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Five granular formulations (GRs) with different concentrations (4, 6, 6.5, 6.66 or 10%) and seven water-soluble powders (SPs, 50%) of commercialized cartap products were chosen to study toxicity following ocular instillation. Furthermore, ocular instillation (5, 12.5, 25 or 50 mg kg^?1) and oral administration (25 mg kg^?1) of the technical material (TC) cartap was also performed to compare blood concentration changes in rabbits. There was no death or eye irritation with all GR products; however, soluble powder (SP) products produced severe toxicity and mortality in rabbits. The blood concentration of TC cartap in rabbits started to increase from 2 min and reached peak levels at 7–9 min after ocular instillation in a dose-related pattern. For comparison of the blood distribution of cartap via different administration routes, oral exposure exhibited a higher absorption of cartap than ocular instillation. It was suggested that the commercialized GR products of cartap were safe but 50% SP products were highly toxic to rabbits following ocular exposure. This study provides valuable data to screen for potential acute toxicity of cartap to farmers and animals in the field.     

Preliminary shotgun glycoproteome analysis of N-glycosylation sites in serum proteins of ricin-intoxicated rats

In this study, the variations of serum glycoproteins after exposure to ricin toxin (RT) in Wistar albino rats are reported. For glycopeptide enrichment, Microcon YM-3 centrifugal filter device capture and micro-liquid chromatography (LC)–electrospray ionization (ESI)–tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis were used; 74 trypsin-digested proteins were identified in the control group, and 58 in the RT-intoxication group. Additionally, 33 N-glycosides and 14 glycoproteins were identified in the control, and 50 and 21 in the RT-intoxication group.     

Arsenic species in the well water and sediments of the blackfoot disease area in Taiwan

The blackfoot disease (BFD) observed in southwestern Taiwan is due to drinking high arsenic concentrations in well water. This paper presents some results concerning the distributions of arsenic species in water and sediments collected in the BFD (well, river and coastal) area and the background (lake and ocean) area for comparison. The results show that the concentrations of arsenate (870 ± 26 ug/L) and arsenite (70.2 ± 2.6 ug/ L) in well waters, and the contents of arsenic (1640 ug/g) with high percentage of easily reducible (Fe and Mn oxides, 91.7%) and exchangeable and carbonate (4.6%) phases in well sediments were much higher than those in river, lake and coastal samples. Low arsenic (3.46–31.8 ug/g) with high percentages (73.8–97.3%) of detritus and minerals phase with low percentages (0.4–9.8%) of total carbonate and exchangeable phases were found in the river and coastal samples in the BFD area as well as the lake and ocean samples in background area. It might suggest that the higher concentrations of toxic As(III) in well water and arsenic with higher values of easily reducible, carbonate and exchangeable phases in the well sediments, combined with the higher values of dissolved organic carbon, humic and fulvic acids and aromatic carbon as well as the higher fluorescence indensity in the well water are the key factors to cause the BFD in Taiwan.     

软锰矿浆烟气同步脱硫脱硝资源化利用新工艺

燃煤烟气中的SO2和NOx是大气中重要的污染物,开发高效、经济的同步脱硫脱硝技术是环保领域的研究热点。针对现有同步脱硫脱硝技术存在的氧化剂成本较高和产物不能资源化利用等突出问题,提出了软锰矿浆烟气同步脱硫脱硝,并副产硫酸锰和硝酸锰的资源化新工艺。研究结果表明:软锰矿浆可以有效的脱除烟气中的SO2和NOx,反应产物分别为硫酸锰和硝酸锰。在烟道中注入臭氧,将难溶于水的NO快速氧化为NO2,可大大提高脱硝效率,在O3/NO=1.2的条件下可以达到72%的脱硝率、90%的脱硫率和85%的锰浸出率;吸收液经过空气氧化除铁和加入铜试剂除重金属后,结晶分离溶液得到的硫酸锰和硝酸锰可分别达到HG/T 2962—1999标准的硫酸锰产品和HG/T 3817—2006标准的工业硝酸锰产品要求。该工艺实现了SO2和NOx污染治理与低品位软锰矿资源化利用的双重目的,为SO2和NOx的资源化污染治理技术的开发和应用提供了新的思路。     

链霉菌的抗砷特性及其对蜈蚣草富集砷的作用

本文研究了链霉菌Streptomyces sp.的耐砷特性及其对蜈蚣草富集砷的影响。结果表明,Streptomyces sp.可在100mmo·lL-1的砷酸盐溶液中生长,具有较强的抗砷毒害能力,且在48h内对As(Ⅴ)的还原率达96.5%。施用Streptomyces sp.能促进植物对砷的吸收,蜈蚣草地上部砷浓度为930mg·kg-1,地上部砷累积量达到对照组的2.09倍。加入Streptomyces sp.后,能促进根际土壤中As(Ⅴ)还原成As(Ⅲ),大幅度降低根际土壤残渣态砷含量,从48.15mg·kg-1下降至28.75mg·kg-1。Streptomyces sp.通过影响蜈蚣草根际环境,提高根际土壤pH,增加DOC含量,促使砷形态变化,从而增加砷生物可利用性。该菌可作为强化蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤的材料。     

2012年上半年我国南方地区极端阴雨天气评价——以湖南省为例

基于湖南省97个地面气象观测站观测资料,根据所选定的阴雨天气评价指标,运用数理统计方法,对2012年上半年湖南省阴雨天气特征及强度进行分析评估,结果表明,阴雨天气阶段性特征显著,属隆冬至初春历史罕见的寡照低温多雨事件与初春至初夏的极端多雨寡照事件的组合。同时根据社会调查数据对阴雨天气的影响展开多方位分析,得出低温阴雨天气不仅对农业造成了重大影响,而且对水利、交通、建筑业等多行业和人们身体健康也有较大影响,以此提出了应对极端天气气候事件的对策建议。     

Blood concentrations of lead,cadmium, mercury and their association with biomarkers of DNA oxidative damage in preschool children living in an e-waste recycling area

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA damage occurs in heavy metal exposure, but the simultaneous effect on DNA repair is unknown. We investigated the influence of co-exposure of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) on 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and human repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) mRNA levels in exposed children to evaluate the imbalance of DNA damage and repair. Children within the age range of 3–6 years from a primitive electronic waste (e-waste) recycling town were chosen as participants to represent a heavy metal-exposed population. 8-OHdG in the children’s urine was assessed for heavy metal-induced oxidative effects, and the hOGG1 mRNA level in their blood represented the DNA repair ability of the children. Among the children surveyed, 88.14% (104/118) had a blood Pb level >5 μg/dL, 22.03% (26/118) had a blood Cd level >1 μg/dL, and 62.11% (59/95) had a blood Hg level >10 μg/dL. Having an e-waste workshop near the house was a risk factor contributing to high blood Pb (r _s  = 0.273, p < 0.01), while Cd and Hg exposure could have come from other contaminant sources. Preschool children of fathers who had a college or university education had significantly lower 8-OHdG levels (median 242.76 ng/g creatinine, range 154.62–407.79 ng/g creatinine) than did children of fathers who had less education (p = 0.035). However, we did not observe a significant difference in the mRNA expression levels of hOGG1 between the different variables. Compared with children having low lead exposure (quartile 1), the children with high Pb exposure (quartiles 2, 3, and 4) had significantly higher 8-OHdG levels (β _Q2 = 0.362, 95% CI 0.111–0.542; β _Q3 = 0.347, 95% CI 0.103–0.531; β _Q4 = 0.314, 95% CI 0.087–0.557). Associations between blood Hg levels and 8-OHdG were less apparent. Compared with low levels of blood Hg (quartile 1), elevated blood Hg levels (quartile 2) were associated with higher 8-OHdG levels (β _Q2 = 0.236, 95% CI 0.039–0.406). Compared with children having low lead exposure (quartile 1), the children with high Pb exposure (quartiles 2, 3, and 4) had significantly higher 8-OHdG levels.