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121.
Helena?SiipiEmail author Susanne?Uusitalo 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(2):147-163
The European Union’s policies regarding genetically modified food (GMF hereafter) are based on the precautionary principle
and the requirement of respecting consumers’ autonomy. We ask whether the requirement of respecting consumers’ autonomy regarding
GMF implies that both GMF and non-GMF products should be available in the market. According to one line of thought, consumers’
choices may be autonomous even when the both types of products are not available. A food market with only GMF or only non-GMF
products does not strictly speaking compel people to buy the type of products available, and a possibility to refuse to buy
is enough for consumers’ choice to be autonomous. According to another line of thought, the unavailability of GMF or non-GMF
products restricts the autonomy of those consumers who are unwilling to use the only type of products (GMF or non-GMF) available
in the market. From the point of view of autonomy, a food market with only GMF or only non-GMF products does not offer enough
alternatives for consumers. Moreover, the whole point of the European Union’s requirement of respecting consumers’ autonomy
is to enable an autonomous choice between GMF and non-GMF—not just to give a possibility to refrain from buying. However,
this does not imply that producers, processors, wholesalers, retailers, or public authorities have a moral duty to see that
there are both GMF and non-GMF products available in the market. The requirement to respect autonomy is prima facie in nature, and in the context of GMF, other prima facie requirements are often stronger and override it. Not only the consumers’ autonomy of choice but also environmental values,
other people’s well-being, and the autonomous choice of farmers, retailers, and other relevant parties should be respected.
Thus, according to the both lines of thought, the requirement to respect consumers’ autonomy of choice does not imply that
there should be both GMF and non-GMF products available in the market. 相似文献
122.
Sebastian Pohl Volker Witte Susanne Foitzik 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(11):2029-2036
In social insect societies, division of labor, i.e., workers of a colony specializing in different tasks, is thought to improve
colony performance. Workers of social parasitic slave-making ants focus on a single task, searching for and raiding host colonies
to replenish their slave workforce. However, in the North American slavemaker Protomognathus americanus, some workers do not partake in raids but remain inside the colony. We analyzed raid participation, fertility, and cuticular
hydrocarbon profiles of slavemaker workers and slaves to understand these behavioral differences and the regulation of division
of labor in slavemaker colonies. Raid observations showed that some workers were repeatedly involved in raiding activities
(exterior workers), whereas others stayed inside the nest (interior workers). Exterior workers were always infertile, while
half of the interior workers were fertile. Analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons demonstrated differences between the groups.
We also detected chemical differences between interior and exterior slaves, indicating an influence of the individuals’ tasks
on their cuticular profiles. Task- and fertility-related profiles may allow selective nestmate recruiting. Division of labor
should also adapt to varying conditions. Since slave raids are dangerous, they should only be initiated when the colony needs
additional slaves. Exclusively fed by their slaves, slavemaker workers could determine this need via their nutritional status.
In an experiment with various feeding regimes, colonies subjected to a lower food provisioning rate showed increased proportions
of slavemaker workers searching for host colonies. Division of labor in slave-making ants, therefore, might be flexible and
can change depending on the colonies’ needs. 相似文献
123.
Proactive approaches that anticipate the long-term effects of current and future conservation threats could increase the effectiveness and efficiency of biodiversity conservation. However, such approaches can be obstructed by a lack of knowledge of habitat requirements for wildlife. To aggregate and assess the suitability of current information available on habitat requirements needed for proactive conservation, we conducted a systematic review of the literature on elephant and rhinoceros habitat requirements and synthesized data by combining a vote counting assessment with bibliometric and term maps. We contextualized these numeric and terminological results with a narrative review. We mapped current methods, results, terminology, and collaborations of 693 studies. Quantitative evidence for factors that influence the suitability of an area for elephants and rhinoceros was biased toward African savanna elephants and ecological variables. Less than one third of holistic approaches considered equal amounts of ecological and anthropogenic variables in their assessments. There was a general lack of quantitative evidence for direct proxies of anthropogenic variables that were expected to play an important role based on qualitative evidence and policy documents. However, there was evidence for a segregation in conceptual frameworks among countries and species and between science versus policy literature. There was also evidence of unused potential for collaborations among southern hemisphere researchers. Our results indicated that the success of proactive conservation interventions can be increased if ecological and anthropogenic dimensions are integrated into holistic habitat assessments and holistic carrying capacities and quantitative evidence for anthropogenic variables is improved. To avoid wasting limited resources, it is necessary to form inclusive collaborations within and across networks of researchers studying different species across regional and continental borders and in the science–policy realm. 相似文献
124.
Marcel Hunecke Sonja Haustein Sylvie Grischkat Susanne Bhler 《Journal of environmental psychology》2007,27(4):277-292
In this study, the relevance of psychological variables as predictors of the ecological impact of mobility behavior was investigated in relation to infrastructural and sociodemographic variables. The database consisted of a survey of 1991 inhabitants of three large German cities. In standardized interviews attitudinal factors based on the theory of planned behavior, further mobility-related attitude dimensions, sociodemographic and infrastructural characteristics as well as mobility behavior were measured. Based on the behavior measurement the ecological impact of mobility behavior was individually assessed for all participants of the study. In a regression analysis with ecological impact as dependent variable, sociodemographic and psychological variables were the strongest predictors, whereas infrastructural variables were of minor relevance. This result puts findings of other environmental studies into question which indicate that psychological variables only influence intent-oriented behavior, whereas impact-oriented behavior is mainly determined by sociodemographic and household variables. The design of effective intervention programs to reduce the ecological impact of mobility behavior requires knowledge about the determinants of mobility-related ecological impact, which are primarily the use of private motorized modes and the traveled distances. Separate regression analyses for these two variables provided detailed information about starting points to reduce the ecological impact of mobility behavior. 相似文献
125.
Bengt Lundén 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2003,32(5):374-377
在瑞典斯卡格拉克海峡沿岸,大叶藻(Zostera
marina)是一种生长在浅水软海底上的优势显花植物.大叶藻场是许多甲壳动物和鱼类,不管是洄游种或是稳定种的重要群落生境.在20世纪80年代期间,作为海岸带管理的基础,对瑞典西海岸有大叶藻生长的沿岸浅水区的资源进行了调查.在这次研究中我们再次考察了斯卡格拉克海峡200km沿岸的5个沿海地区中的2000hm2大叶藻场.资源调查的方法(水下测量镜)与80年代的一样,但通过使用全球定位系统(GPS)增加了绘图的精确度.这次研究的结果表明,在10~15年的时间里,大叶藻的区域延伸面积减少了58%,且地区变化很大.大叶藻的减少主要限于大叶藻场的浅水部分.本文探讨了原因和生态后果. 相似文献
126.
127.
Individuals’ food choices are intimately connected to their self-images and world views. Some dietary choices adopted by consumers
pose restrictions on their use of genetically modified food (GMF). It is quite generally agreed that some kind of labeling
is necessary for respecting consumers’ autonomy of choice regarding GMF. In this paper, we ask whether the current practice of mandatory
labeling of GMF products in the European Union is a sufficient administrative procedure for respecting consumers’ autonomy. Three issues concerning this question are discussed. First,
we argue that labeling needs to be accompanied by relevant and understandable information on genetic modification, genetically
modified food, and the European practice of GMF labeling. Second, we claim that this type of informing makes it less likely
that consumers start to avoid GMF products just because labels make them suspicious of the products. It is further noted that
even though some consumers may react to labels this way, labels do not restrict their autonomy of choice. Third, a need for
more precise labels indicating the source of the transferred gene is considered. It is found out that such labels are not
morally necessary when also non-GMF products are available and no relevant differences (such as differences in price and healthiness)
exist between them and GMF products. However, in some other cases more precise labels may be needed for respecting consumers’
autonomy of choice. 相似文献
128.
129.
Andreas P. Modlmeier Tobias Pamminger Susanne Foitzik Inon Scharf 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2012,99(10):811-819
Adjusting to low temperatures is important for animals living in cold environments. We studied the chill–coma recovery time in temperate ant workers (Temnothorax nylanderi) from colonies collected in autumn and spring in Germany. We experimentally acclimated these ant colonies to cold temperatures followed by warm temperatures. As expected, cold-acclimated workers recovered faster from freezing temperatures, but subsequent heat acclimation did not change the short recovery times observed after cold acclimation. Hence, either heat acclimation improves cold tolerance, possibly as a general response to stress, or at least it does not negate enhanced cold tolerance following cold acclimation. Colonies collected in spring showed similar cold tolerance levels to cold-acclimated colonies in the laboratory. Next, we compared the chill–coma recovery time of different worker castes and found that exterior workers recovered faster than interior workers. This difference may be related to their more frequent exposure to cold, higher activity level, or distinct physiology. Interior workers were also heavier and showed a higher gaster-to-head ratio and thorax ratio compared to exterior workers. An obvious difference between exterior and interior workers is activity level, but we found no link between activity and cold tolerance. This suggests that physiology rather than behavioral differences could cause the increased cold tolerance of exterior workers. Our study reveals the importance of acclimation for cold tolerance under natural and standardized conditions and demonstrates differences in cold tolerance and body dimensions in monomorphic behavioral castes of an ant. 相似文献
130.