生活垃圾和玉米秆混合热解动力学及产物分布

为探讨生活垃圾和玉米秆共热解过程中的协同关系和产物分布,采用热重分析仪对生活垃圾、玉米秆及其混合物进行了热解实验研究,并进行动力学计算。结果表明,混合热解可分为脱水、热解、炭化、焦催化气化4个阶段,前3个阶段与单独热解过程类似,第4个阶段与单独热解相比失重明显增加,表明混合热解过程中存在协同效应;混合物热解的实际活化能为28.492 k J/mol,低于单独热解及其混合物热解理论活化能,可见混合热解利于热解反应进行。为明晰混合热解对热解反应的促进作用,利用固定床热解实验,研究了混合比例对产物产率和热解气各组分产率的影响。结果表明,在不同混合比例下,固液实际产率低于理论值,而气体实际产率则比理论值高;混合物料热解气中H2、CH4、CO2产量均高于其理论值,而CO产量却相反,低于其理论值。     

Leaching behavior of copper from waste printed circuit boards with Brønsted acidic ionic liquid

In this work, a Brønsted acidic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([bmim]HSO₄), was used to leach copper from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs, mounted with electronic components) for the first time, and the leaching behavior of copper was discussed in detail. The results showed that after the pre-treatment, the metal distributions were different with the particle size: Cu, Zn and Al increased with the increasing particle size; while Ni, Sn and Pb were in the contrary. And the particle size has significant influence on copper leaching rate. Copper leaching rate was higher than 99%, almost 100%, when 1 g WPCBs powder was leached under the optimum conditions: particle size of 0.1–0.25 mm, 25 mL 80% (v/v) ionic liquid, 10 mL 30% hydrogen peroxide, solid/liquid ratio of 1/25, 70 °C and 2 h. Copper leaching by [bmim]HSO₄ can be modeled with the shrinking core model, controlled by diffusion through a solid product layer, and the kinetic apparent activation energy has been calculated to be 25.36 kJ/mol.     

Degradation of sulfonamides during anaerobic composting of swine manure

Residual antibiotics in manure pose a potential threat to public and ecological health as a result of the application of manure from animals treated with antibiotics to land. The environmental fate of sulfonamides (SAs) in swine manure after composting and field application remains largely unknown. We studied the degradation of the antibiotics sulfadiazine (SD), sulfathiazole (ST), and sulfamethazine (SM2) during anaerobic composting. We tested the effects of temperature and antibiotic concentration on degradation rates. We also evaluated the changes in pH, moisture, and biological degradation material in manure spiked with SAs and in a control. Results showed that the 3 SAs decreased by between 52.31% and 90.30% in all 9 treatments following 14 days of anaerobic composting, and the highest removal efficiencies were observed at a temperature of 35°C and initial concentrations of 6.03, 6.48, and 6.32?µg/g of SD, ST, and SM2, respectively, which were degraded by 90.30%, 85.78%, and 75.18%. Removal efficiencies for all SAs correlated well with moisture and biological degradation material of the manure. These results indicate that composting may be a practical and effective way to reduce concentrations of these three SAs in swine manure prior to its land application.     

去除地下水中硝酸盐的渗透性反应墙研究

通过土柱试验模拟地下水环境,研究以发酵树皮和沙子混合物为反应介质的渗透性反应墙(生物墙)对地下水中硝酸盐的去除情况,探讨其作用机制与影响因素,为硝酸盐污染地下水的修复提供经济有效的方法.结果表明,从模拟生物墙运行的第3 d起,墙内为强还原环境(Eh在-100 mV之下),有利于硝酸盐的还原降解.在15 d的运行时间内,模拟生物墙对水中硝态氮(NO3--N)的去除率为80%～90%左右(NO3--N由进水的20 mg·L-1可降至出水的1.6 mg·L-1);出水中亚硝态氮(NO2--N)的浓度较低,一直小于2.5 mg·L-1;出水中铵态氮(NH4+-N)的浓度在前2 d较低,从第3 d起升至12 mg·L-1.模拟生物墙对NO3--N的去除机制主要为吸附和微生物降解.提高模拟生物墙内水流速度后,NO3--N的去除率有所下降,出水中NH4+-N的浓度明显降低.在模拟生物墙下游串联一个模拟沸石墙,可去除水中98%的NH4+-N.     

水泥窑协同处置垃圾焚烧飞灰预处理工艺试验研究

采用实验室模拟试验,对水泥窑协同处置垃圾焚烧飞灰处置技术中水洗预处理工艺及后续污水处理工艺进行了研究。试验考察了不同水洗方式、不同水洗比例(液固比为1,3,5,7,9,11)及水洗次数、添加改性剂等条件下飞灰中氯离子的去除效果;并对后续污水处理单元进行了初步研究。结果表明:水洗单元采用逆流二次漂洗对氯离子去除效果明显优于其他水洗方式,并节约用水量50%;在液固比为3:1进行洗灰时,对氯离子的去除率能到达90%以上,进一步增大液固比氯离子去除率没有显著提高;在后续污水处理单元中,通过中和、混凝、沉淀、过滤工艺,可以有效的去除重金属、钙离子含量,满足后续脱盐结晶单元要求。     

Emissions of parent, nitrated, and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from indoor corn straw burning in normal and controlled combustion conditions

Emission factors （EFs） of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （pPAHs）, nitrated PAHs （nPAHs）, and oxygenated PAHs （oPAHs） were measured for indoor corn straw burned in a brick cooking stove under different burning conditions. The EFs of total 28 pPAHs, 6 nPAHs and 4 oPAHs were （7.9 ±3.4）, （6.5 ±1.6）×10^-3, and （6.1 ±1.4）×10^-1mg/kg, respectively. Fuel charge size had insignificant influence on the pollutant emissions. Measured EFs increased significantly in a fast burning due to the oxygen deficient atmosphere formed in the stove chamber. In both restricted and enhanced air supply conditions, the EFs of pPAHs, nPAHs and oPAHs were significantly higher than those measured in normal burning conditions. Though EFs varied among different burning conditions, the composition profiles and calculated isomer ratios were similar, without significant differences. The results from the stepwise regression model showed that fuel burning rate, air supply amount, and modified combustion efficiency were the three most significant influencing factors, explaining 72%-85% of the total variations.     

微生物浸出低品位氧化物型镍钴矿研究新进展

微生物浸出技术是处理低品位矿石的有效措施。但目前我国主要针对硫化矿的自养微生物浸出进行研发,而对异养微生物浸出氧化型矿石研究很少。异养微生物可通过其产生的代谢产物的酸解、还原、碱解及络合作用来提取或者溶解低品位氧化物型镍钴矿中的镍、钴金属,有助于解决目前我国镍钴资源短缺及为重金属污染治理提供技术方法。本文针对低品位氧化型镍钴矿、风化壳、以及冶金渣、废电池、废催化剂等二次资源,介绍了世界镍钴资源的现状和低品位氧化物型镍钴矿的资源类型,对异养微生物浸出低品位氧化物型镍钴矿研究现状进行了剖析,指出了异养微生物冶金的主要浸矿条件和存在难题,提出了氧化物型镍钴矿微生物浸取的研究方向。     

基于L-THIA模型的市桥河流域非点源氮磷负荷分析

以番禺市桥河流域为研究对象,利用现场建立的不同土地利用类型的径流场实测降雨径流数据,对长期水文影响评价模型(L-THIA)的主要参数进行校正,模拟计算该流域非点源氮磷负荷量,并分析土地利用和降雨变化对氮磷负荷输出的影响.结果表明,市桥河流域内非点源氮磷污染高负荷区主要集中在农业用地和城镇用地,单位面积污染负荷输出最高的为农业用地.从1995~2010年,流域非点源氮磷负荷呈增加趋势,TN增加了17.91%,而TP的增加幅度达到了25.30%.随着流域城镇化的迅速发展,城镇用地明显增加,所占比例达到了43.94%,2010年对负荷总量的贡献率也已超过40%,几乎与农业用地持平,这也是近15年来流域内农业用地面积虽然有所降低,但污染负荷总量仍然增加的主要因素.流域内降雨主要集中在汛期,因而汛期非点源氮磷负荷亦远高于非汛期,占全年比例超过了85%.不同降雨类型发生次数与污染负荷的Pearson相关分析表明,日降雨量大于20 mm的降雨是造成流域内非点源氮磷污染的主要降雨类型.     

人工照明对拉鲁湿地鸟类的影响初探——以拉萨市环城路市政工程为例

论文结合拉鲁湿地独特的生态环境,针对拉萨市环城路市政工程建设穿越拉鲁湿地自然保护区、沿保护区的核心区北侧边缘布线的情况,参考国内外相关领域既有成果,采用实际调查、机理分析等方法,对工程人工照明可能对湿地鸟类带来的影响进行研究.论文为完善拉鲁湿地自然保护区的环境管理体系提供借鉴,并为其他城市化建设进程中可能对湿地带来的影响相关研究提供借鉴和参考.     

南帕斯凝析油接卸作业中的危险因素及对策措施

为避免接卸作业中发生的火灾爆炸及人员中毒事故,对接卸作业进行了风险识别,并从工艺流程、人员管理、设备保障等方面提出具体的安全对策.