北京地区采暖期SO2熏烟型污染及评估

随着北京城市建设的发展，为了保护环境，北京市的新建生活区均采用集中供热系统。燃烧后的有害气体通过烟排向大气，经过高空稀释后的烟气可以降低污染负荷，但是在某此气象条件下仍然造成了地面局部污染，本文在北京市丰台区一个生活小区的供热系统污染源环境影响评价的基础上，讨论了熏烟污染的发生及危害。     

垃圾卫生填埋场卫生防护距离标准研究

根据我国大气环境质量标准，参照美国，日本等国对居住区的污染物容许浓度，提出了佛山市南海狮中垃圾卫生填埋卫生防护距离标准的建议值。     

Kinetic analysis of anaerobic phosphorus release during biological phosphorus removal process

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a commonly used and sustainable method for phosphorus removal from wastewater. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyphosphate, and glycogen are three kinds of intracellular storage polymers in phosphorus accumulation organisms. The variation of these polymers under different conditions has an apparent influence on anaerobic phosphorus release, which is very important for controlling the performance of EBPR. To obtain the mechanism and kinetic character of anaerobic phosphorus release, a series of batch experiments were performed using the excessively aerated sludge from the aerobic unit of the biological phosphorus removal system in this study. The results showed that the volatile suspended solid (VSS) had an increasing trend, while the mixed liquid suspended sludge (MLSS) and ashes were reduced during the anaerobic phosphorus release process. The interruption of anaerobic HAc-uptake and phosphorus-release occurs when the glycogen in the phosphorus-accumulating-organisms is exhausted. Under the condition of lower initial HAc-COD, HAc became the limiting factor after some time for anaerobic HAc uptake. Under the condition of higher initial HAc-COD, HAc uptake was stopped because of the depletion of glycogen in the microorganisms. The mean ratio of Δρ _P/Δρ _PHB, Δρ _GLY/Δρ _PHB, Δρ _P/ΔCOD, was 0.48, 0.50, 0.44, and 0.92, respectively, which was nearly the same as the theoretical value. The calibrated kinetic parameters of the HAc-uptake and phosphorus-release model were evaluated as follows: Q _HAc,max was 164 mg/(g · h), Q _P,max was 69.9 mg/(g · h), K _gly was 0.005, and KCOD was 3 mg/L. An apparently linear correlation was observed between the ratio of Δρ _P/ΔCOD and pH of the solution, and the equation between them was obtained in this study. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(9), 1164–1169 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

环境水样中的痕量NO-2的化学发光分析法

本文将亚硝酸根在酸性介质中氧化亚铁氰化钾为铁氰化钾和鲁米诺-铁氰化钾-尿酸化学发光反应偶合一起,建立了一种间接测定亚硝酸根的新方法.讨论了酸度、反应物浓度、干扰离子等因素的影响.方法的检出限为5.0×l0-9g/mL,对环境水样样品进行了平行测定(n＝11),其相对标准偏差为1.9～3.3%,线性范围为l.0×l0-7～1.0×l0-5g/mL,回收率为94.45～105.5%.方法简便,易于操作,并具有较高的灵敏度和选择性,结果令人满意.     

Vertical distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric boundary layer of Beijing in winter

Air samples were collected using active samplers at various heights of 8, 15, 32, 47, 65, 80, 102, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 240, 280 and 320 m on a meteorological tower in an urban area of Beijing in two campaigns in winter 2006. Altitudinal distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric boundary layer of Beijing in winter season were investigated. Meteorological conditions during the studied period were characterized by online measurements of four meteorological parameters as well as trajectory calculation. The mean total concentrations of 15 PAHs except naphthalene of gaseous and particulate phase were 667±450 and 331±144 ng m⁻³ in January and 61±19 and 29±6 ng m⁻³ in March, respectively. Domestic coal combustion and vehicle emission were the dominant PAH sources in winter. Although the composition profiles derived from the two campaigns were similar, the concentrations were different by one order of magnitude. The higher concentrations in January were partly caused by higher emission due to colder weather than March. Moreover, weak wind, passing through the city center before the sampling site, picked up more contaminants on the way and provided unfavorable dispersion condition in January. For both campaigns, PAH concentrations decreased with heights because of ground-level emission and unfavorable dispersion conditions in winter. The concentration ratio of PAHs in gas versus solid phases was temperature dependent and negatively correlated to their octanol–air partition coefficients.     

Evaluating technological innovation impact: an empirical analysis of the offshore wind sector

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study analyzed the determinants that impact innovation on offshore wind energy (OSW) for a select group of countries, applying mixed-method...     

Enhanced photocatalytic removal of amoxicillin with Ag/TiO2/mesoporous g-C3N4 under visible light: property and mechanistic studies

In present study, an efficient ternary Ag/TiO₂/mesoporous g-C₃N₄ (M-g-C₃N₄) photocatalyst was successfully synthesized through depositing Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface of TiO₂/M-g-C₃N₄ heterojunction. Ag/TiO₂/M-g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite displayed the highest degradation efficiency for amoxicillin (AMX) compared to TiO₂/M-g-C₃N₄ heterojunction, M-g-C₃N₄, and bulk-g-C₃N₄ (B-g-C₃N₄). The removal efficiency of AMX in real situation, surface water (SW), hospital wastewater (HW), and waste water treatment plant (WWTP) also were studied to illustrate the effectiveness of Ag/TiO₂/M-g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts. The vulnerable atoms in AMX structure were revealed through DFT calculation. Additionally, the dominating active groups produced in time of the photocatalytic procedure were determined on account of free radical trapping experiments and ESR spectra. The mechanism of photocatalytic degradation was proposed and verified. The transfer of the electrons and the inhibition of the recombination of photogenerated electron-holes were enhanced effectively under the synergistic effect of the Ag NPs and TiO₂. As a consequence, the catalytic activity of the composite was improved under visible light.

     

Selection of a water-extractable phosphorus test for manures and biosolids as an indicator of runoff loss potential

The correlation of runoff phosphorus (P) with water-extractable phosphorus (WEP) in land-applied manures and biosolids has spurred wide use of WEP as a water quality indicator. Land managers, planners, and researchers need a common WEP protocol to consistently use WEP in nutrient management. Our objectives were to (i) identify a common WEP protocol with sufficient accuracy and precision to be adopted by commercial testing laboratories and (ii) confirm that the common protocol is a reliable index of runoff P. Ten laboratories across North America evaluated alternative protocols with an array of manure and biosolids samples. A single laboratory analyzed all samples and conducted a separate runoff study with the manures and biosolids. Extraction ratio (solution:solids) was the most important factor affecting WEP, with WEP increasing from 10:1 to 100:1 and increasing from 100:1 to 200:1. When WEP was measured by a single laboratory, correlations with runoff P from packed soil boxes amended with manure and biosolids ranged from 0.79 to 0.92 across all protocol combinations (extraction ratio, filtration method, and P determination method). Correlations with P in runoff were slightly lower but significant when WEP was measured by the 10 labs (r=0.56-0.86). Based on laboratory repeatability and water quality evaluation criteria, we recommend the following common protocol: 100:1 extraction ratio; 1-h shaking and centrifuge 10 min at 1500xg (filter with Whatman #1 paper if necessary); and determining P by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry or colorimetric methods.     

高温作业人员的防护措施

正常气温对人体是必需的、有益的。高温则会引起中暑。当环境受热明显超过散热时,机体则会出现热蓄积;当热蓄积超过了体温调节能力,则出现过热、中暑,甚至死亡。本文从佩戴个体防护用品、技术措施等角度,提出了预防高温作业人员受到职业危害的具体措施。     

地震地表破裂与发震断层的性状

本文在总结地震地面破坏实地考察和统计的基础上,发现地震地面破坏的类型与发震断层的性状关系密切。以走滑为主的发震断层,可产生大规模的地震地表破裂;以倾滑为主的高角度发震断层有时可产生一定规模的地震地表破裂;以倾滑为主的低角度发震断层或连通不好的发震断层,地震地表破裂不发育,而次生的地面破坏普遍发育。倾滑型发震断层产生的地面破坏在多方面具有类似的特征,但逆断层性质的发震断层产生的地面破坏分布在断层下盘,而正断层性质的发震断层产生的地面破坏分布在断层的上盘。并进行了有限元模拟,表明,地震地面破坏分布受断层能量释放区域的控制。