Head injuries in child pedestrian accidents--in-depth case analysis and reconstructions

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate head injuries, injury risks, and corresponding tolerance levels of children in car-to--child pedestrian collisions. METHODS: An in-depth accident analysis was carried out based on 23 accident cases involving child pedestrians. These cases were collected with detailed information about pedestrians, cars, and road environments. All 23 accidents were reconstructed using the MADYMO program with mathematical models of passenger cars and child pedestrians developed at Chalmers University of Technology. The contact properties of the car models were derived from the European New Car Assessment Program (EuroNCAP) subsystem tests. RESULTS: The accident analysis demonstrated that the head was the most frequently and severely injured body part of child pedestrians. Most accidents occurred at impact speeds lower than 40 km/h and 98% of the child pedestrians were impacted from the lateral direction. The initial postures of children at the moment of impact were identified. Nearly half (47%) of the children were running, which was remarkable compared with the situation of adult pedestrians. From accident reconstructions it was found that head impact conditions and injury severities were dependent on the shape and stiffness of the car front, impact velocity, and stature of the child pedestrian. Head injury criteria and corresponding tolerance levels were analyzed and discussed by correlating the calculated injury parameters with the injury outcomes in the accidents. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing head injuries should be set as a priority in the protection of child pedestrians. HIC is an important injury criterion for predicting the risks of head injuries in child pedestrian accidents. The tolerance level of head injuries can have a considerable variation due to individual differences of the child pedestrians. By setting a suitable speed limit and improving the design of car front, the head injury severities of child pedestrians can be reduced.     

地表UV-B辐射增强对土壤-冬小麦系统呼吸速率和N2O排放的影响

通过室外盆栽实验,用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤-冬小麦系统的呼吸速率和N₂O排放通量,研究了UV-B辐射增强20%对土壤-冬小麦系统的呼吸速率和N₂O排放的影响.结果表明,相同的气象条件和田间管理下,UV-B辐射增强处理对呼吸速率和N₂O排放的季节变化模式无明显影响.在返青期,UV-B辐射增强显著降低了土壤-冬小麦系统的呼吸速率,但对N₂O的排放通量没有产生显著影响;在拔节孕穗期,UV-B辐射增强处理显著降低了土壤-冬小麦系统的呼吸速率和N₂O的排放通量;在抽穗-成熟期,UV-B辐射增强处理对土壤-冬小麦系统的呼吸速率和N₂O的排放没有显著影响.返青-齐穗期,UV-B增强处理显著降低土壤-冬小麦系统的N₂O累积排放量;但从齐穗开始至小麦成熟,UV-B增强处理对土壤-冬小麦系统的N₂O累积排放量没有显著影响.     

土壤中多环芳烃的SPMD辅助解吸行为研究

为了开发一种表征土壤中憎水性有机污染物解吸及生物有效性的新方法,建立了半透膜被动采样装置（SPMD）研究土壤中有机污染物解吸行为的方法,利用SPMD分析了多环芳烃菲、芘和苯并［a］芘在3种不同性质土壤中的辅助解吸行为.结果表明,SPMD是一种很好地表征土壤中憎水性有机污染物解吸及生物有效性的手段. SPMD辅助解吸多环芳烃的效率与土壤有机质及多环芳烃性质有关.随着土壤有机质含量的降低,土壤中菲和芘的SPMD解吸率逐渐升高,对于10 mg/kg染毒水平,当土壤有机质含量由18.68%降低到0.3%时,2种化合物的解吸率分别由56.45%和48.28%上升到接近100%;但是对于苯并［a］芘,粘土表现出明显的滞留能力,在有机质含量（0.3%）很低、粘土含量（39.05%）较高的3号土壤中,苯并［a］芘的解吸率仅有66.97%.不同多环芳烃SPMD辅助解吸率差别很大,随着土壤有机质含量的降低,以及污染物浓度的提高,菲和芘的解吸差异逐渐缩小,而苯并［a］芘与上述2种多环芳烃的差异很大,主要是由于苯并［a］芘具有高度亲脂性,并且分子较大,造成其容易滞留在粘土的微孔及有机质的致密结构中.     

一体化接触氧化反应器处理景区生活污水

常州某旅游景区采用一体化生活污水处理装置处理该区生活污水,通过试验确定反应器的最佳工艺参数,研究表明采用接触氧化反应器处理农村污水,在反应器内溶解氧维持在2.0~4.0 mg/L,水力负荷为3.53 m3/(m3.d)的运行条件下,对COD、NH3-N及TN去除率分别达80.82%、69.12%、63.16%,出水可稳定达GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级标准。     

Historical trends of heavy metal contamination and their sources in lacustrine sediment from Xijiu Lake, Taihu Lake Catchment, China

Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Hg in Xijiu Lake sediment from the Taihu Lake catchment, China, were analyzed. Their contamination state was investigated based on the geoaccumulation index and enrichment factors. Statistical analysis was used to differentiate the anthropogenic versus natural sources of heavy metals (HMs), and the anthropogenic accumulation fluxes were calculated to quantify anthropogenic contribution to HMs. The results indicated that the lake sediment had been heavily contaminated by Cd, enrichment of Zn and Hg was at a relatively high level, while that of Cu and Pb was in the lower-to-moderate level and Cr was in the low enrichment level. Sources of Cr in the sediment were mainly from natural inputs, while other metals, especially Cd, were predominantly derived from anthropogenic sources. In the past century, anthropogenic accumulation fluxes of Pb, Zn and Hg increased by 0.1-47.3 mg/(cm².yr), 2.4-398.1 mg/(cm².yr), and 3.7-110.3 ng/(m².yr), respectively, accounting for most inputs of HMs entering the sediment. The contamination state of HMs varied with industrial development of the catchment, which demonstrated that contamination started in the early 20th century, reached the maximal level between the mid-1970s and mid-1990s, and decreased a little after the implementation of constraints on high contamination industries, although the contamination of some HMs, such as Cd, Zn and Hg, is still at high levels.     

环境保护“十二·五”规划——目标、任务与动力

围绕国家和自治区的总体要求,结合包头市实际,明确了包头市“十二·五”环境保护工作的指导思想、总体目标,以削减总量、改善质量、防范风险为主线,按环境要素提出了“十二·五”环境保护工作的重点任务和动力机制,为科学编制“十二·五”环境保护规划奠定了基础。     

黑岱沟露天矿排土场不同植被配置土壤水分研究——土壤水分垂直动态研究

文章通过黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场不同植被配置土壤水分垂直动态研究,阐述了不同植被配置类型对土壤水分的影响。结果显示：9种植被配置类型的土壤台水量随土层深度的增加而减小,但变化幅度有差异;原生植被处的土壤水分利用层厚度大于人工植被。     

生态文明建设理论发展历程初探

生态文明建设理论以可持续发展、环境保护及生态学理论为基础,吸收了中国传统文化的养分,目前已成为中国特色社会主义道路的有机组成部分,得到了党和国家的高度重视.本文对生态文明建设理论的产生背景和过程进行了简单梳理.     

节能降耗技术在污水处理中的应用

通过对污水泵进行变频调速改造及污水处理工艺优化,实现了污水处理的降耗节能。     

国内建设项目环境监理的发展态势、存在问题与对策一对西藏自治区开展环境监理的认识与思考

当前,我国的建设项目环境监理仍处于起步阶段。环境监理管理体系尚不完备。对西藏自治区而言,建设项目环境监理工作在许多行业领域尚属空白,法律法规仍不健全。本文通过介绍国内环境监理的发展态势及各省建设项目环境监理试点工作的经验。结合西藏自治区生态环境特征,借鉴青藏铁路环境监理试点工程取得的宝贵经验,对西藏自治区环境监理工作的开展进行探讨,以期为相关部门制定决策提供参照,尽快摸索出一条适合西藏自治区的环境监理模式,逐步使建设项目环境监理制度化,并在西藏自治区范围内成功实施。