溶解性有机氮乙酰胺氯化生成饮用水THMs的影响因素研究

氯化消毒可以有效杀灭细菌,但同时会产生危害人体健康的消毒副产物(DBPs).溶解性有机氮(DON)是DBPs的重要前体物,为考察DON对THMs的影响,首次选取乙酰胺(AcAm)作为前体物DON的代表物质,采用Plackett-Burman和Box-Behnken方法设计试验,考察了AcAm初始浓度、加氯量、pH、温度、溴离子浓度和反应时间等因素对三卤甲烷(THMs)生成的影响.结果表明,在AcAm生成THMs的过程中,AcAm初始浓度、pH和反应温度3个因素的影响程度较小,溴离子、有效氯和反应时间3因素的影响较大,其中溴离子的影响最为显著.溴离子浓度一定时,改变有效氯的含量,生成的THMs总量变化不大,溴离子对THMs的生成有一定的催化作用,控制溴离子的浓度是减少AcAm生成THMs的有效措施.在有效氯为8.77 mg/Ｌ、溴离子为0.77 mg/Ｌ及接触时间为6.20 h的条件下,THMs存在最大生成量为45.82 μg/L.随着反应时间的推移,溴分配系数n呈上升趋势,控制消毒反应时间,是减少THMs致癌风险的有效方法.同时探讨了AcAm生成THMs的反应路径,表述了溴离子的催化作用机制.     

硝化细菌单菌分离方式的探讨

通过2种单菌分离方式即直接分离和先富集再分离,利用选择性培养基获得转化NO2-→NO3-的硝化细菌,根据化学法和离子色谱法检测不同分离方法得到的单菌的硝化速率,结果表明先富集再分离所得菌株的硝化速率显著高于直接分离的菌株.     

苏州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化及来源分析

2015年在苏州市城区采集大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)样品共87套,用重量法分析了PM_(2.5)的质量浓度,离子色谱法分析了颗粒物中F-、Cl-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+),共9种水溶性无机离子.观测期间,苏州市PM_(2.5)的年均质量浓度为(74.26±38.01)μg·m-3,其季节特征为冬季春季秋季夏季;9种水溶性离子的总质量浓度为(43.95±23.60)μg·m~(-3),各离子的浓度高低顺序为NO_3~-SO_4~(2-)NH_4~+Na~+Cl~-K~+Ca~(2+)F-Mg~(2+);SNA(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+三者的简称)是最主要的水溶性离子;SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+三者之间具有显著的相关性,它们在PM_(2.5)中主要是以NH_4NO_3和(NH_4)_2SO_4的结合方式存在.苏州市PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的主要来源包括工业源、燃烧源、二次过程和建筑土壤尘等.     

蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中微量硝基苯的动力学研究

实验表明单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化在温度20℃、初始pH值6.87条件下对硝基苯的降解均遵循一级反应动力学模型,该条件下单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化工艺对硝基苯的降解主要来源于高活性羟基自由基的氧化作用,同时证明了不同体系温度（10～40℃）和溶液初始pH值（3.00～10.96）下硝基苯的降解同样符合一级反应动力学.2种工艺对硝基苯的降解反应速率都随着温度的升高而增加,单独臭氧氧化的反应速率常数由0.37×10^-3 s^-1升高到1.49×10^-3 s^-1,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化的反应速率常数由0.56×10^-3 s^-1升高到2.46×10^-3 s^-1,温度越高反应速率提高的幅度却越小.随着pH的升高,单独臭氧氧化对硝基苯降解的反应速率常数从0.15×10^-3 s^-1增加到2.69×10^-3 s^-1,在pH值3.00～9.23范围内,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化工艺反应速率常数从0.17×10^-3 s^-1增加到1.90×10^-3 s^-1,在pH为10.96时反应速率常数下降到1.64×10^-3 s^-1.     

高盐苯胺废水降解菌的筛选与特性分析

经富集、驯化分离筛选到的5株高盐苯胺降解菌对苯胺及实际废水均具有一定的降解能力。5株细菌的生长较为迅速,延迟期和平稳期均很短,生长最适温度为25℃,生长的最适pH接近中性。5株细菌对盐的耐受性可达18%,对实际废水的耐受性可达30%。其中3号菌株对苯胺的降解率最高,而22号菌株对实际废水的COD去除率最大。     

Influence of environmental temperature and relative humidity on photocatalytic oxidation of toluene on activated carbon fibers coated TiO2

TiO₂ supported on active carbon fiber (TiO₂/ACF), an absorbable photocatalyst, is a new kind of material applied in air purification. In this paper, the influence of environmental temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) on the gas-solid adsorption of toluene and the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) efficiency of adsorbed toluene on TiO₂/ACF were studied, and then, the purification capability of TiO₂/ACF was estimated. PCO results showed that although the PCO efficiency increased under high RH and T levels, the amount of adsorption of toluene decreased. Moreover, quantitative analysis results of intermediates indicated that more environmental risk emerged when PCO of toluene was carried out at higher environmental T and RH levels because more toxic intermediates would be accumulated on the TiO₂/ACF. So, it is significant to control the environmental T and RH conditions in the application of the PCO technique. T = 25°C and RH530% is the optimal condition for purifying toluene in our experimental system. __________ Translated from Urban Environment & Urban Ecology, 2007, 20(5): 10–13 [译自: 城市环境与城市生态]     

嗜盐高效降酚菌株Halomonas sp.H17的筛选及降解苯酚特性

从巴丹吉林沙漠盐湖沉积物中分离获得1株在高盐环境下高效降解苯酚菌H17.分析了H17生理生化特性、16S rDNA基因序列、苯酚降解特性及动力学,结果表明,H17属于盐单胞菌属(Halomonas sp.),能在0～20%的盐度下有效降解苯酚,每升外加适量的碳源(葡萄糖浓度0.8 g)和复合氮源(KNO_3 1 g、NH_4Cl 5 g、酵母提取物0.2 g和胰蛋白胨0.2 g)能够促进H17的生长及降解苯酚能力.在温度为30℃、pH 7～8、盐度5～10%的条件下,H17均能高效降解苯酚,最高降解率可达到88.5%.该菌株降解苯酚动力学符合Halane模型,经拟合其生长参数为μ_(max)=0.31 h~(-1),K_S=191.63 mg·L~(-1),K_i=683.05 mg·L~(-1).研究显示H17具有在高盐环境下降解和耐受苯酚的能力,同时对环境有较强的适应性,体现出其在高盐含酚废水实际处理中具有良好的应用价值.     

富硒甘蓝的降糖功效研究

糖尿病是一种氧化失调症状,患者血浆中抗氧化剂如VC、VE和硒的水平比对照低.硒作为多种抗氧化酶的活性中心,能降低氧化胁迫对身体的损伤.研究了富硒甘蓝对糖尿病小鼠的降糖功效.结果表明,经过富硒甘蓝汁灌胃后的糖尿病小鼠血糖显著降低,耐糖量改善.同时,富硒小鼠的T-AOC、SOD、GSH-Px活性明显高于对照组,而MDA明显降低,提示硒可在一定程度上改善糖尿病小鼠的糖代谢紊乱.甘蓝中的有机硒主要以甲基硒半胱氨酸形式存在,是一种安全的食源性补硒形式.     

Effects of Acid Rain on Competitive Releases of Cd, Cu, and Zn from Two Natural Soils and Two Contaminated Soils in Hunan, China

Leaching experiments of rebuilt soil columns with two simulated acid rain solutions (pH 4.6–3.8) were conducted for two natural soils and two artificial contaminated soils from Hunan, south-central China, to study effects of acid rain on competitive releases of soil Cd, Cu, and Zn. Distilled water was used in comparison. The results showed that the total releases were Zn>Cu>Cd for the natural soils and Cd>Zn≫Cu for the contaminated soils, which reflected sensitivity of these metals to acid rain. Leached with different acid rain, about 26–76% of external Cd and 11–68% external Zn were released, but more than 99% of external Cu was adsorbed by the soils, and therefore Cu had a different sorption and desorption pattern from Cd and Zn. Metal releases were obviously correlated with releases of TOC in the leachates, which could be described as an exponential equation. Compared with the natural soils, acid rain not only led to changes in total metal contents, but also in metal fraction distributions in the contaminated soils. More acidified soils had a lower sorption capacity to metals, mostly related to soil properties such as pH, organic matter, soil particles, adsorbed SO₄ ²⁻, exchangeable Al³⁺ and H⁺, and contents of Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃.     

基于环境地理信息平台的预警系统的构建

随着经济的高速发展,环境污染事故也呈现出上升的势头,环境污染事故不仅造成了环境危害,而且对人民群众的安全产生了重大威胁。鉴于环境污染事故的多发性、危害性,应急处置显然非常重要,而构建强大的应急处置信息系统有助于应急处置和分析决策的顺利进行。本文分析了环境应急处置需求,提出了建立环境污染应急管理信息系统的设计框架。