搅拌棒吸附萃取技术在环境样品分析中的应用

搅拌棒吸附萃取(SBSE)是继固相微萃取(SPME)之后的又一种无溶剂的用于痕量有机物分离和浓缩的技术,其萃取涂层体积大,具有灵敏度高、检出限低、重现性好、不使用有机溶剂等优点。适用于环境样品中挥发性及半挥发性有机物的痕量分析。本文综述了SBSE在环境样品分析中的应用,以及该技术的应用展望。     

多菌群污水生物处理反应器中污泥分布的试验研究

在多菌群污水生物处理反应器处理城市污水的试验中,对反应器主反应区内水平中线及垂直中线上所布设取样点位的混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)、混合液挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS)、污泥沉降比(SV30)及污泥容积指数(SVI)进行了检测分析。结果表明,MLSS与MLVSS分布趋势大致相同,在水平方向与垂直方向污泥浓度总体呈现大小交替型分布;SV30与SVI在水平方向总体呈现出周边大、中心小的非对称分布,而在垂直方向由上到下呈现出先增大后减小再增大的分布趋势。污泥浓度与污泥沉降性能的差异分布,对将反应器进水点分布在污泥浓度高值区域、污泥回流点布置在污泥浓度低值区域及出水点选定在污泥浓度较低且沉降性能较好区域有着重要的指导作用,为反应器的优化控制提供了理论依据。     

中国环境污染密集型产业脱钩的异质性及产业转型

根据现有文献,研究中国的经济增长与环境污染的脱钩,需要将不同环境密集型产业与经济增长的关系分别测算,然后进行比较。本文选取了工业污染的三大来源——废水、废气和固体废物,每种污染源对应着一类环境密集型产业。这三种产业密集排放的污染物的量与经济增长之间的脱钩关系及其内在机制,这是本文研究的重点。本文借鉴Tapio弹性分析模型构建了我国经济增长与不同环境密集型产业之间的脱钩状态的分析模型,并对脱钩状态和程度的判定标准做了规定。随后,对2001-2009年四个时期的经济增长与不同环境密集型产业集中排放的污染物的量之间的脱钩指数进行了测算,同时测算了各产业污染的工业产值弹性及其工业产值的GDP弹性,并对脱钩状态和程度做了判定。结果表明:三类产业的脱钩程度各不相同,其动力机制与发展前景也有所不同,因而需要有针对性地采取规制和治理措施。     

基于SCS法模拟的上海郊区农田地表产流特征及原因

利用上海市近8 a的日降雨数据,采用修正的SCS模型模拟得出上海地区农田地表径流流量,分析出了上海地区农田地表产流的特征。主要结论：（1）旱地在土壤湿度为干燥、几乎饱和、饱和条件下产生地表径流临界降雨量分别为847、358、141 mm;水田的土壤湿度几乎一直为饱和状态,产生地表径流的降雨临界值为026 mm。（2）旱地和水田产流量分布形状都呈极度右偏状,旱地和水田产流最大值分别为13559和18570 mm,但是9811%的天数中旱地产流量小于10 mm,9540%的天数中水田产流量小于20 mm。年产流量在月份中分布比例大体上是以6月和8月为峰的双峰分布,这个峰有从8月向6月前移的趋势。旱地产流量相对于水田的更加集中在5～9月。（3）旱地年产流总天数在50 d左右波动,水田年产流天数在120 d上下波动。旱地连续产流的天数一般不会超过5 d,水田连续产流天数一般不会超过7 d     

基于改进层次分析法的石化生产装置安全评价

基于改进的层次分析法,对石化生产装置安全状况的影响因素进行了分析,并确定了各因素影响的权重大小,从而找出主要影响因素,便于准确、及时地解决问题.该方法对于提高石化生产设备安全状况评价的客观性和准确性具有一定的理论意义和实用价值.     

Landfills in Jiangsu province, China, and potential threats for public health: leachate appraisal and spatial analysis using geographic information system and remote sensing

Waste disposal is of growing environmental and public health concern in China where landfilling is the predominant method of disposal. The assessment of potential health hazards posed by existing landfills requires sound information, and processing of a significant amount of spatial data. Geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) are valuable tools for assessing health impacts due to landfills. The aims of this study were: (i) to analyze the leachate and gas emissions from landfills used for domestic waste disposal in a metropolitan area of Jiangsu province, China, (ii) to investigate remotely-sensed environmental features in close proximity to landfills, and (iii) to evaluate the compliance of their location and leachate quality with the relevant national regulations. We randomly selected five landfills in the metropolitan areas of Wuxi and Suzhou city, Jiangsu province, established a GIS database and examined whether data were in compliance with national environmental and public health regulations. The leachates of the sampled landfills contained heavy metals (Pb, As, Cr(6+) and Hg) and organic compounds in concentrations considered harmful to human health. Measured methane concentrations on landfill surfaces were low. Spatial analysis of the location of landfills with regard to distance from major water bodies, sensible infrastructure and environmental conditions according to current national legislation resulted in the rejection of four of the five sites as inappropriate for landfills. Our results call for rigorous evaluation of the spatial location of landfills in China that must take into consideration environmental and public health criteria.     

蓝藻AOM特征与DBPs生成关系的研究进展

蓝藻水华期间,藻细胞因自然生长或受水处理工艺影响(如预氧化和混凝),会向水中释放大量藻源有机物(AOM),能够与氯消毒剂反应生成大量消毒副产物(DBPs),增加了饮用水安全风险.了解AOM的特征及其对DBPs生成的影响对于AOM的控制和饮用水安全保障至关重要.本文综述了蓝藻AOM的主要理化特征(溶解性有机碳、溶解性有机...     

Concentrations of As, Be, Cr, Hg, Mn, and Ni in ambient air at four urban locations in Japan

The metal concentrations of As, Be, Cr, Hg, Mn, and Ni in ambient air were measured at four sites in Japan from October 1997 to March 2006. The mean metal concentration data measured from the four sites (K1, K2, M, and Y) are found on the order of Mn > Cr–Ni > As > Hg > Be. The concentrations of Mn with the highest mean value were fairly variable across four sites such as 45.9 ± 42.8 (K1), 25.6 ± 19.4 (K2), 22.5 ± 19.7 (M), and 25.4 ± 19.8 ng m^???3 (Y). In contrast, the concentrations of Be with the lowest mean value were less variable across four sites with means of 0.03 to 0.04 ng m^???3. Inspection of the seasonal patterns indicates the peak occurrence of most metals during spring, although relative dominance during winter is seen at the most polluted area (K1). Evaluation of long-term patterns indicates that the noticeably high values of metals in the early stage of study reduced gradually across the years, although the metal concentration levels in most areas were affected significantly by anthropogenic activities. However, efforts to control pollution levels seemed to gradually contribute to a decrease in metal concentration levels of all study sites through the years.     

地表水-地下水的交错带及其生态功能

地表水与地下水的相互作用在全球水循环中发挥着重要的作用,交错带是地表水-地下水相互作用的重要桥梁和纽带,并成为生态水文学这一新的研究领域的前沿课题。地表水-地下水的交错带是地表水与地下水的混合区域,该区域内生物地球化学活动强烈。地表水-地下水的交错带主要受自然因素和人为因素的影响。交错带内常发生物理作用、化学作用和生物作用过程,并影响交错带中水分的运动过程、溶质迁移过程和生物活动过程。交错带在水生生态系统中具有重要的功能,主要体现在缓冲作用、提供生物栖息地、提供食物、提供残留物种的保护区。交错带过程的模拟、观测方法和交错带内的生物地球化学过程和示踪以及交错带的生态功能值得进一步关注和深入研究。     

环境监测专用仪器环境技术认证路线初探

通过分析环境监测仪器环境技术评估的含义和目标,对比加拿大、美国以及我国目前有关环境技术评估的相关技术路线,结合环境监测仪器技术检测工作实践,建立适合我国国情的环境监测仪器环境技术评估管理体系,评估程序和相关规章制度,提出相关建议。