黄土丘陵沟壑区生态风险时空动态及其风险分区—以陕西省米脂县为例

目前,黄土丘陵沟壑区等生态脆弱区生态风险评估已成为地理学与生态学应对生态系统管理的研究热点之一。以黄土丘陵沟壑区米脂县为研究区,构建“风险概率—敏感性—损失度”（PSI）的三维评价框架,并以子流域为评价单元进行数据整合,分析了米脂县2009-2015年准则层与综合生态风险的时空分异及其重心转移,并基于风险主导因子给出米脂县风险防范分区及降险对策。结果如下：（1）2009-2015年风险概率分别为49.93%、52.92%,有上升趋势;生境敏感性分别为0.61、0.60,下降了1.6%,生境质量趋好;损失度分别为0.42、0.46,损失度增加。（2）生态风险呈现中间高南北低的空间分布;研究期间生态风险值分别为0.14、0.15,风险有所升高;风险重心向西南转移跃入银州川道且风险演化主体方向为西北—东南走向。（3）风险预警区、生态恢复区、预警恢复兼顾区、自然调控区面积占比分别为7.53%、6.57%、23.86%、62.04%。基于风险主导因子的风险防范分区可有效进行风险消解,促进区域生境的可持续。     

基于MBBR的CANON工艺处理消化液中试启动

基于移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）成功启动了自养脱氮工艺（CANON）处理污泥消化上清液.采用8.55m³中试系统,反应器内部填充SPR-Ⅲ填料,填充率44%,通过动态流接CANON污泥（接种比例<1%）,经过70d成功启动CANON工艺.运行至200d,TN去除负荷稳定在0.9kgN/（m³·d）,出水氨氮浓度均值63.9mg/L,氨氮和总氮去除率均值分别为91%和85%.进水中存在的少量有机物使系统同时存在反硝化和厌氧氨氧化两种脱氮途径,促进了总氮的去除,对总氮去除的贡献分别占5%~7%和93%~95%.通过对pH值和曝气强度的控制,防止了悬浮载体结垢,平衡了DO、曝气强度以及生物膜厚度三者之间的关系,使生物膜始终处于适宜的厚度,稳定了系统的处理效果.高通量测序表明悬浮载体上的优势菌种为氨氧化菌（AOB）和厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）,其丰度整体呈增长趋势,至稳定运行期可达到17%和14%.系统无NOB存在,短程硝化效果良好,反硝化菌群丰度在2%~3%并相对稳定,进水中存在的少量有机物不会影响厌氧氨氧化菌的增殖.     

硫磺和放线菌强化植物修复土壤镉污染

为了强化耐受重金属镉（Cd）的植物包心芥菜对土壤中Cd污染的富集及转运效率,以包心芥菜为研究对象,向土壤中添加0.3%的硫磺和接种不同数量的放线菌Act12（0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0g/kg）,通过盆栽实验,研究不同处理间根际土pH值的变化规律、包心芥菜地上和地下部分Cd的积累量、植物抗氧化酶系的变化以及根系活力.结果表明：添加0.3%硫磺和2.0g/kg放线菌Act12后,根际土pH值下降最大,相比对照下降了14.5%.而添加0.3%硫磺和1.5g/kg的放线菌Act12,包心芥菜地上部分Cd的含量最高,转运系数最大,相比对照,Cd含量提高了79%,并且植物地上部分的干重最大.添加放线菌Act12对植物的抗氧化系统有积极作用,CAT、POD、SOD含量均在0.3%硫磺和1.0g/kg放线菌Act12的添加组合下达到峰值,放线菌Act12还可提高植物的根系活力,降低丙二醛的含量.综上表明,添加硫磺和放线菌Act12均可强化包心芥菜吸收土壤中Cd的能力,其中0.3%硫磺和1.5g/kg放线菌Act12的添加组合强化效果最佳.     

生物合成施氏矿物作为类芬顿反应催化剂降解甲基橙的研究

应用生物合成施氏矿物作为光助类芬顿反应催化剂促进甲基橙的降解.施氏矿物通过A.f-LX5细胞悬浮液在初始p H值2.5和28℃时氧化Fe SO43d生成,并进行X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜表征.本研究分析了不同初始p H、H2O2浓度及催化剂装载量对在光助类芬顿反应中甲基橙氧化降解效率的影响.结果表明,生物合成施氏矿物具有较高的催化活性,并且通过羟基自由基机制使甲基橙降解.在近中性、较高Cl-、SO2-4及NO-3浓度条件下,施氏矿物仍然能保持较高催化甲基橙降解的效率.本研究验证了以生物合成施氏矿物作为催化剂的异相光助类芬顿反应是一种处理含甲基橙废水有应用前景的高级氧化技术.     

北方农田镉污染土壤玉米生产阈值及产区划分初探

为探究我国北方镉(Cd)污染农田中玉米安全生产的土壤阈值以及产区划分,于部分北方玉米主要产区(含不同程度Cd污染)收集了 129套点对点的土壤-玉米样品,分析了土壤理化性质与土壤、玉米籽粒Cd含量之间的相关性,利用多元线性回归法和物种敏感度分布曲线法(SSD)推导不同土壤情景下土壤Cd的生态阈值,并进行了玉米"宜产、限产、禁产"产区划分.结果表明,研究区土壤与玉米籽粒中Cd含量超标分别为99.62％和49.61％;玉米籽粒中Cd富集系数(BCF)与土壤pH、土壤有机质(SOM)、阳离子交换量(CEC)和土壤有效态Cd含量(DTPA浸提)均呈极显著相关性(P＜0.01).多元线性回归法的预测可解释因变量71.9％的变异量;基于研究区土壤特性以及参考资料,划分3种不同土壤情景分别为,情景1:6.5＜pH≤7.5,土壤 ω(SOM)=15 g·kg-1,土壤 CEC=15 cmol·kg-1;情景2:7.5＜pH＜8.5,土壤 ω(SOM)=20 g·kg-1,土壤 CEC=20 cmol·kg-1;情景3:pH≥8.5,土壤 ω(SOM)=17 g·kg-1,土壤 CEC=17 cmol.kg-1,利用 SSD 法中 Logistic 函数模型推导以上3种情景的粮食宜产区土壤Cd阈值分别为3.00、3.80和3.11 mg·kg-1;禁产区阈值为8.95、9.10和7.21 mg～kg-1,当土壤Cd含量介于宜产区阈值与禁产区阈值之间时该区域划分为粮食限产区;玉米用于饲料使用时3种情景下的饲料宜产区阈值分别为14.94、18.90和15.55 mg·kg-1,禁产区阈值分别为44.93、45.40和36.05 mg·kg-1,两者之间的区域为饲料限产区.以上方法和结果可为我国北方农田土壤的安全生产提供参考,并为土壤生态阈值的标准制定提供科学依据.     

EGG PRODUCTION AND HATCHING SUCCESS IN NORTH ADRIATIC SEA POPULATIONS OF THE COPEPOD Acartia clausi

Egg production, fecal pellet production and hatching success are reported for Acartia clausi females sampled during three cruises in February 1997, 1998 and June 1997 at 20-24 stations along 4 transects in the North Adriatic Sea. Dramatically low hatching rates were recorded during both diatom bloom events in February as opposed to much higher rates during post-bloom conditions in June, even though A. clausi productivity during the bloom was apparently high. These results are discussed in the light of recent findings on the negative impact of diatoms on copepod reproductive potential.     

Simultaneous determination of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) by derivative stripping chronopotentiometry in Pittosporum tobira leaves: a measurement of local atmospheric pollution in Messina (Sicily, Italy)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the bio-accumulation of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) in Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Aiton leaves sampled in different zones of Messina, in order to assess the level of atmospheric metal deposition in correlation with the traffic volume. Derivative stripping chronopotentiometry was used as a practical, precise and sensitive technique to determine simultaneously Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn levels in Pittosporum leaves. In the optimised electro-chemical conditions, detection limits lower than 0.05 microg kg(-1) were achieved, whereas the accuracy, expressed as obtained recoveries from certified materials, was in the range 93.5-102.7%. The obtained data provided evidence that Cd and Pb levels significantly decreased from high to low traffic density zones (p < 0.005, ANOVA), whereas Cu and Zn are accumulated by plants particularly from the soil and their contents is not related to the traffic volume.     

Experimental in situ chemical peroxidation of atrazine in contaminated soil

Lab-scale experiments of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), were performed on soil contaminated with 100 mg kg(-1) of atrazine (CIET). The oxidant used was hydrogen peroxide catalysed by naturally occurring minerals or by soluble Fe(II) sulphate, added in aqueous solution. The oxidation conditions were: CIET:H2O2=1:1100, 2 PV or 3 PV reaction volume, Fe(II):H2O2=0, 1:22, 1:11. Stabilized (with KH2PO4 at a concentration of 16 g l(-1)) or non-stabilized hydrogen peroxide was used. The pH of the reagents was adjusted to pH=1 with sulphuric acid, or was not altered. Results showed that the addition of soluble Fe(II) increased the temperature of the soil slurry and the use of stabilized hydrogen peroxide resulted in a lower heat generation. The treatment reduced the COD of the soil of about 40%, pH was lowered and natural organic matter became less hydrophobic. The highest atrazine conversion (89%) was obtained in the conditions: 3 PV, Fe(II):H2O2=1:11 with stabilized hydrogen peroxide added in two steps. The stabilizer only increased H2O2 life-time significantly when soluble Fe(II) was added. Results indicate as preferential degradation pathway of atrazine in soil dechlorination instead of dealkylation.     

Levels and congener pattern of polychlorinated biphenyl and organochlorine pesticide residues in bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) from the Straits of Messina (Sicily, Italy)

The aim of this study is to assess the accumulation of OCs and PCBs in Thunnus thynnus and to elucidate the suitability of this species as a bioindicator for monitoring contaminations of these compounds in the marine ecosystems of the Straits of Messina. This investigation was conducted on fat, liver and muscle samples of 14 T. thynnus collected during April 2004. Quantitative determination of OCs and PCBs in the various samples examined has been carried out using GC-ECD and GC-MS. The results obtained show the presence of low concentrations of p,p'-DDE and PCB congeners (138, 153 and 180) in all fat, liver and muscle samples caught in the Straits of Messina. Concentrations of p,p'-DDE and PCB congeners (138, 153 and 180) in all the samples examined were below MRLs (CE n. 97/41, 1999/65 and 1999/71).     

浅谈青岛市雨水径流污染与控制措施

随着城市化的发展,水资源的污染和匮乏已经成为人们普遍关注的问题,而由此引出的对雨水径流污染的研究和控制也已不是新鲜话题。尤其对于将要承办2008年奥运会水上项目的青岛来说雨水的意义尤为重要。在对青岛市雨水水质实地调查后,结合国内外雨水研究的先进经验,对青岛市今后的雨水污染控制和利用提出了一些建议和意见。