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61.
There is an increased awareness that medicinal products for human use may cause negative effects in the environment. In Sweden a voluntary environmental classification system for drugs has been established in collaboration between producers, authorities and the public health care, and used for five years. The idea is to enhance the market demand for medicines with less environmental impact, which in turn will stimulate the producers to design future medicines to be more environmentally friendly. The system is open to the public and based on assessment of the active ingredient in the medicinal product into several classes of risk and hazard, respectively. It is closely related to the EMEA guidelines. Risk is expressed as the ratio between the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the active ingredient (AI) and its predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). The hazard is expressed in terms of the AI's persistence, potential to bioaccumulation, and eco-toxicity. Drug data for the classification are delivered by the respective producers.Hitherto more than 300 AI, representing more than 50% of the Swedish volume of drug use, have been classified. Data for risk assessment were missing in 47% of AI. Among drugs with data 7% had a PEC/PNEC ratio > 1, and another 7% had a ratio between 0.1 and 1. The AIs with highest ratio (> 10) were two estrogens. Data for hazard assessment were lacking in 16% of the AI. Among drugs with environmental data 92% were not ready biodegradable, 23% had potential to bioaccumulation, and 61% were toxic to aquatic organisms at a concentration below 1 mg/l. These data are utilized by regional pharmaceutical expert groups when selecting substances to be recommended in public health care in Sweden. They may also be used by prescribing doctors who want to identify the environmentally most favourable substance among several with equivalent medical effect.We conclude that environmental data on human medicinal products are often missing, or reveal unfavourable environmental properties. A proper judgement of the environmental impact of an AI requires a joint evaluation of its risk and hazard. We suggest that the pharmaceutical producers should highlight environmental precaution when designing new AIs, and that the environmental data should be transparent to the general public. 相似文献
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63.
Jeremy W.F. Morris Marion Crest Morton A. Barlaz Kurt A. Spokas Anna Åkerman Lei Yuan 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(12):2364-2373
Municipal solid waste landfills represent the dominant option for waste disposal in many parts of the world. While some countries have greatly reduced their reliance on landfills, there remain thousands of landfills that require aftercare. The development of cost-effective strategies for landfill aftercare is in society’s interest to protect human health and the environment and to prevent the emergence of landfills with exhausted aftercare funding. The Evaluation of Post-Closure Care (EPCC) methodology is a performance-based approach in which landfill performance is assessed in four modules including leachate, gas, groundwater, and final cover. In the methodology, the objective is to evaluate landfill performance to determine when aftercare monitoring and maintenance can be reduced or possibly eliminated. This study presents an improved gas module for the methodology. While the original version of the module focused narrowly on regulatory requirements for control of methane migration, the improved gas module also considers best available control technology for landfill gas in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, air quality, and emissions of odoriferous compounds. The improved module emphasizes the reduction or elimination of fugitive methane by considering the methane oxidation capacity of the cover system. The module also allows for the installation of biologically active covers or other features designed to enhance methane oxidation. A methane emissions model, CALMIM, was used to assist with an assessment of the methane oxidation capacity of landfill covers. 相似文献
64.
Whether tradable permits are appropriate for use in transition and developing economies—given special social and cultural circumstances, such as the lack of institutions and lack of expertise with market-based policies—is much debated. We conducted interviews and surveyed a sample of firms subject to emissions trading programs in Santiago, Chile, one of the first cities outside the OECD that has implemented such trading. The information gathered allows us to study what factors affect the performance of the trading programs in practice and the challenges and advantages of applying tradable permits in less developed countries. 相似文献
65.
Paolo Luschi Susanne Åkesson Annette C. Broderick Fiona Glen Brendan J. Godley Floriano Papi Graeme C. Hays 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2001,50(6):528-534
Like many animals migrating through the oceans, sea turtles face difficult navigational tasks when they have to reach distant, specific sites. The paradigmatic case of Brazilian green turtles (Chelonia mydas), which nest on the tiny Ascension Island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, has often been the subject of hypotheses concerning their navigational mechanisms. To investigate their nature, we displaced 18 females from Ascension and tracked them by satellite after release from eight different points in the ocean, 60-450 km away from the island. Four turtles moved to Brazil soon after the release, 4 moved in various directions before heading to Brazil, and 10 reached the island. All the successful trips, bar 1, were winding but ended with a final straight segment of variable length, as if the turtles were searching for a sensory contact with the island which they obtained at various distances. The approach to Ascension mostly occurred from the direction opposite to the trade wind, suggesting a navigational role of wind-borne information originating from the island. 相似文献
66.
Anders Jacobsson Åsa EkRoland Akselsson 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2011,24(4):333-343
Learning from incidents is considered a very important source for learning and improving safety in the process industries. However, the effectiveness of learning from reported incidents can often be questioned. Therefore, there is a need to be able to evaluate the effectiveness of learning from incidents, and for that purpose we need methods and tools. In this paper, a method is described for evaluating the effectiveness of learning, based on the idea of “level of learning” of the lessons learned. The level of learning is expressed in terms of how broadly the lesson learned is applied geographically, how much organizational learning is involved and how long-lasting the effect of learning is. In the 6-step method, the incidents reported in a typical incident learning system are evaluated both for the actual and the potential level of learning in a semi-quantitative way with different tools. The method was applied in six process industries on a large number of incidents. The method was found to be very useful and to give insights of aspects that influence the learning from incidents. 相似文献
67.
Olle Ericsson Tarja Ahola Fredrik Dahl Filip Karlsson Fredrik Persson Olof Karlberg Fredrik Roos Ida Alftrén Björn Andersson Emelie Barkenäs Ani Boghos Birgit Brandner Jenny Dahlberg Per-Ola Forsgren Niels Francois Anna Gousseva Faizan Hakamali Åsa Janfalk-Carlsson Henrik Johansson Johanna Lundgren Atefeh Mohsenchian Linus Olausson Simon Olofsson Atif Qureshi Björn Skarpås Peter Svahn Anna Sävneby Eva Åström Anna Sahlberg Aino Fianu-Jonasson Jérémie Gautier Jean-Marc Costa Bo Jacobsson Kypros Nicolaides 《黑龙江环境通报》2019,39(11):1011-1015
68.
The photocatalytical inactivation of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis,...) in the flow‐through plate solar reactor by sunlight was investigated. The low stability of bacteria in the reactor was attributed to bacteria sensitivity to mixing and/or gas bubbling. Sunlight inactivation proceeds with sufficient rate even under cloudy conditions. 相似文献
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70.
This article describes the life-history strategy of the blue sprat Spratelloides robustus in South Australia and compares the demographic traits observed with those of other clupeoids. Validation studies that involved marking the sagittae of captive fish with oxy-tetracycline suggested that growth increments are deposited daily. The oldest fish examined was 82 mm caudal fork length and 241 days old, which suggests S. robustus may live for less than 1 year. Growth rates were high during larval stages (0.34 mm dayу) and remained high throughout juvenile (0.33 mm dayу) and adult stages (0.19 mm dayу). S. robustus reached 50% maturity at approximately 60 mm caudal fork length after approximately 135 days. Spawning occurred from October to February (spring to late summer) and larvae were found mainly in Spencer Gulf, Gulf St Vincent, and Investigator Strait. Females spawned multiple batches of demersal eggs every 1-2 days. Batch fecundities were low (mean=756, SD=341) and increased linearly with length and weight. The life history of S. robustus is dissimilar to other small to medium-sized temperate clupeoids, but similar to those of many small sub-tropical and tropical clupeoids, including other Spratelloides species. Gulf St Vincent and Spencer Gulf may be considered to be "seasonally subtropical systems" in an otherwise temperate region that support a suite of species, including S. robustus, that have life-history strategies similar to those of sub-topical and tropical taxa. 相似文献