精炼铜行业的生命周期节能减排目标评价

按照生命周期评价方法,建立了精炼铜的生命周期模型,采用生命周期节能减排评价指标(ECER),对比评价了原生铜和再生铜生产的生命周期节能减排效果,计算了改变再生铜市场份额所能带来的节能减排削减幅度,并与精炼铜行业实现节能减排政策目标所需的综合削减幅度进行了对比.结果表明,再生铜比原生铜的ECER指标小62.5％,因此废铜的再生循环明显有利于节能减排政策目标的实现.但是,当再生铜市场份额由2010年的38.5％提升至《有色金属“十二五”发展规划》中要求的40％时,其综合削减幅度仅为13％,远未达到铜冶炼行业的目标综合削减幅度27.8％.因此,精炼铜行业不仅需要更大幅度地提高铜再生比例,同时还需要采用更多清洁技术和改进措施.本文方法可用于计算各种行业的节能减排目标综合削减幅度,从而帮助判断各种改进方案和措施是否足以达到节能减排宏观政策目标的要求.     

Sorption-desorption behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in upstream and downstream river sediments

Sorption and desorption behaviors of phenanthrene and naphthalene were studied with the whole sediment, humic acid (HA) and humin samples from downstream and upstream sites along the Kishon River, Israel. The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and the sorption coefficients suggest that sorption occurs to both aromatic and aliphatic moieties of the sedimentary organic matter and that rigid paraffinic domains probably contribute to the sorption non-linearity. The carbon-normalized Freundlich affinity values for the two sorbates were significantly higher for the whole sediment and humin samples from the downstream region of the river than for the upstream sediment samples. On the basis of the measured affinity values, the sorbents can be arranged in the following order: humin>HA>whole sediment. Phenanthrene exhibited the lowest desorption from the whole sediment samples compared with the other sorbents. For naphthalene, the desorption hysteresis obtained with the whole sediment and humin samples were similar: both exhibited a decrease in desorption with decreasing solute concentration. The higher sorption affinities observed for all the organic fractions from the downstream sediment are suggested to be related to the low levels of polar domains and humin content. It is concluded that in bulk sediment samples, the overall contribution of the HA fraction to short-term sorption is of high importance, but the sorption non-linearity is controlled mainly by the humin complexes. The low desorption potential recorded for the whole sediment samples could affect the natural attenuation of the sorbed hydrophobic organic compounds.     

Glycerol as a green solvent for high product yields and selectivities

Organic synthesis is usually performed in solution to dissolve both reactants and catalysts and to deliver heat. Here, we show that glycerol, which is a non-toxic, biodegradable, and recyclable liquid manufactured from renewable sources, has a high potential to serve as alternative green solvent for organic reactions. Several catalytic and non-catalytic reactions were successfully performed in glycerol. High products yields and selectivities were achieved. Besides solubility of the reactants and the catalysts and easy separation of the product, glycerol offers several other benefits such as catalyst recycling, microwave assisting reaction, and biphasic and emulsion modes.     

The significance of a small, level-3 'semi evacuation' hospital in a terrorist attack in a nearby town

Terrorist attacks can occur in remote areas causing mass-casualty incidents MCIs far away from level-1 trauma centres. This study draws lessons from an MCI pertaining to the management of primary and secondary evacuation and the operational mode practiced. Data was collected from formal debriefings during and after the event, and the medical response, interactions and main outcomes analysed using Disastrous Incidents Systematic Analysis through Components, Interactions and Results (DISAST-CIR) methodology. A total of 112 people were evacuated from the scene-66 to the nearby level 3 Laniado hospital, including the eight critically and severely injured patients. Laniado hospital was instructed to act as an evacuation hospital but the flow of patients ended rapidly and it was decided to admit moderately injured victims. We introduce a novel concept of a 'semi-evacuation hospital'. This mode of operation should be selected for small-scale events in which the evacuation hospital has hospitalization capacity and is not geographically isolated. We suggest that level-3 hospitals in remote areas should be prepared and drilled to work in semi-evacuation mode during MCIs.