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51.
In the course of their foraging bouts, bees frequently encounter spider webs among the vegetation. The ability to see and
avoid these webs is vital for the success of the individual bee’s foraging bout. In this study, we report on the response
of stingless bees (Trigona carbonaria) towards the webs of the St. Andrew’s Cross spider (Argiope keyserlingi). We studied the ability of bees to avoid webs in different contexts: when bees were on their foraging path or when they
were returning to the hive as well as when they were flying North or South. We show that the probability of a bee being able
to avoid a web depends on the context of the bee’s flight rather than the visual appearance of the web. Furthermore, the presence
of the spider seems to alert the bee to the web, resulting in bees being more able to avoid capture. We show, specifically,
that the probability of being captured is higher when the bee is returning to the hive compared with when the bee is foraging.
The likelihood of avoiding a web is also influenced by the compass direction of the flight, although to a lesser extent. Our
results indicate that the context of the predator–prey encounter has a significant influence on a bee’s ability to escape
interception by a spider web. 相似文献
52.
Dere S Dalkiran N Karacaoğlu D Elmaci A Dülger B Sentürk E 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,115(1-3):1-22
The implications of metal contamination of agricultural soils due to long term irrigation with treated industrial wastewater and their subsequent accumulation in the vegetables/crops growing on such soils has been assessed in an area of industrial complex, Jajmau, Kanpur (India). Physico-chemical properties of the soil were also studied. The soil and vegetables/crops were sampled from an area of 2100 acre agricultural land and analyzed for physico-chemical properties and metal accumulation in different parts of the plants. The comparison of the data of physico-chemical properties of control and contaminated soil showed that salinity, electrical conductivity, available phosphorous, sodium and potassium content (both water soluble and exchangeable) were found high in contaminated soil. The analysis of plant available metal content in the soil showed the highest level of Fe, which ranged from 529.02 to 2615 μg g−1 dw and lowest level of Ni (3.12 to 10.51 μg g−1 dw). The analysis of the results revealed that accumulation of toxic metal Cr in leafy vegetables was found more than fruit bearing vegetables/crops. Thus, it is recommended that the leafy vegetables are unsuitable to grow in such contaminated sites. It is important to note that toxic metal, Ni was not detected in all the plants. The edible part of the vegetables (under ground) such as, garlic (19.27 μg g−1 dw), potato (11.81 μg g−1 dw) and turmeric (20.86 μg g−1 dw) has accumulated lowest level of toxic metal, Cr than leafy and fruit bearing vegetables. In some fruit part of vegetables such as, bitter gourd, egg plant, jack tree, maize and okra, the accumulation of Cr was not detected and may be grown in this area. 相似文献
53.
Krishna Bahadur KC Laxmi Prasad Pant Evan D. G. Fraser Pratap Kumar Shrestha Dinesh Shrestha Anga Lama 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(5):1239-1251
Increasing on-farm crop diversity is one agroecological approach to enhancing food self-sufficiency that helps small-scale farmers keep their food systems stable by reducing risks associated with stressors, such as a pest outbreaks or droughts. But understanding how crop diversity and food self-sufficiency are related is unknown. To explore this complex relation, this study presents household data (n = 1664) from Nepal to test the hypothesis that families with high crop diversity enjoy greater household food self-sufficiency. Data are presented for three districts that are representative of three distinct agroecological regions of the country: (1) Sarlahi, which is affluent, market-oriented, and on the plains; (2) Makwanpur District in the hills, which has well-developed integrated farm production; and (3) the mountainous District of Humla, which has the poorest quality environment and is the most remote. Results show that in the Humla District, families with greater crop diversity were more self-sufficient. In contrast, farmers in Makwanpur, who have already established a high degree of crop diversity based on vegetable production, do not benefit from additional crop diversity in terms of their ability to provide for themselves. Finally, data from Sarlahi show that families’ food self-sufficiency benefits from crop diversification. We conclude that boosting crop diversity is a viable strategy for maintaining stability in food systems, but this varies depending on the accessibility of a farm and, in particular, access to markets. 相似文献
54.
Vegetation structure, niche width, niche overlap and types
of competition in temperate grazingland of Garhwal Himalaya, India 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Smriti Anthwal Ajay B. Bhatt Bhagwati P. Nautiyal Ashish Anthwal 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(3):261-273
Temperate grazing lands in Garhwal Himalaya are rich in herbaceous vegetation and extensively used for grazing by locally
owned livestock. Capillipedium parviflorum is a frequently occurring and dominant grass species under Pine canopy in associate with several herbs. Beside, grazing and
extensive fire, interactions among associated species is a determining factor of community structure. In this article the
dominant diversity pattern of vegetation in temperate grazing land along two different altitudes and having different slope
aspects is described. Interaction between dominant and co-dominant species with their niche appearance and niche overlap measurement
was also observed and presented here. South and west facing slopes had maximum species and diversity values while east north
facing slopes had higher species dominant. Capillipedium parviflorum and other grasses had maximum niche values and were dominant and co dominant species. Three types of interspecific interaction
were observed between species and grasses were observed as succeeding species in all sites of different topographic conditions.
Dominant diversity pattern along with resource partitioning and interspecific competition is discussed and presented here. 相似文献
55.
Vimal Kumar KG Dinesh Kumar PK Smitha BR Habeeb Rahman H Josia J Muraleedharan KR Sanjeevan VN Achuthankutty CT 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,140(1-3):231-247
Seasonal variation of the hydrography along the southeast Arabian Sea is described using data collected onboard FORV Sagar
Sampada in September–October 2003 (later phase of Southwest monsoon, SWM) and March–April 2004 (Spring inter monsoon, SIM).
During the later phase of the SWM, upwelling was in the withdrawal phase and the frontal structure was clearer in the northern
sections (13 and 15°N lat) indicating strong upwelling in the area. The driving force of upwelling is identified as the combination
of alongshore wind stress and remote forcing with a latitudinal variability. Although a more prominent upwelling was found
in the north, a maximum surface Chlorophyll-a was found in the south (10°N). During the SIM, the area was characterized by oligotrophic water with relatively high Sea
Surface Temperature (>29°C) and low salinity (33.8 to 35.4). During March, the surface hydrography was found to be controlled
mainly by the intrusion of low-saline waters from the south, while during September by the high saline water from the north.
The presence of various water masses [Arabian Sea High Salinity Water (ASHSW), Persian Gulf Water (PGW), Red Sea Water (RSW)]
and their seasonal variations in the region is discussed and their decreasing influence towards the south is noted during
both periods of observation. During the SWM, the dynamic topography showed the equator-ward flow of the West India Coastal
Current (WICC) at the surface and a pole-ward coastal under current at sub-thermocline depth. During the SIM, surface circulation
revealed the WICC flowing pole-ward north of 13°N, but equator-ward flow in the south, with a clockwise circulation around
the Lakshadweep High. 相似文献
56.
Use of industrial and wastewater for irrigation is on the rise in India and other developing countries because of scarcity
of good-quality irrigation water. Wastewaters contain plant nutrients that favour crop growth but leave a burden of heavy
metals which can enter the food chain and is a cause of great concern. The present study was undertaken on the long-term impact
of irrigation with treated sewage water for growing vegetables and the potential health risk associated with consumption of
such vegetable. Treated sewage water (TSW), groundwater (GW), soil and plant samples were collected from peri urban vegetable
growing areas of Northern India (Varanasi) and analysed to assess the long-term effect of irrigation with TSW on Cd, Cr, Ni
and Pb build-up in soils and its subsequent transfer into commonly grown vegetable crops. Results indicate that TSW was richer
in essential plant nutrients but contained Cd, Cr and Ni in amounts well above the permissible limits for its use as irrigation
water. Long-term application of TSW resulted in significant build-up of total and DTPA extractable Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb over
GW irrigated sites. TSW also resulted in slight lowering in pH, increase in organic carbon (1.6 g kg − 1) and cation exchange capacity (5.2 cmol kg − 1). The tissue metal concentration and relative efficiency of transfer of heavy metals from soil to plant (transfer factor)
for various groups of vegetables were worked out. Radish, turnip and spinach were grouped as hyper accumulator of heavy metals
whereas brinjal and cauliflower accumulated less heavy metals. Health risk assessment by consumption of vegetables grown with
TSW indicated that all the vegetables were safe for human consumption. However, significant accumulation of these heavy metals
in soil and plant needs to be monitored. 相似文献
57.
Prasad Y Arpana Kumar D Sharma AK 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2011,32(2):161-168
This investigation was aimed to find out appropriate strategy against antibiotic resistant bacterial fish pathogen, F. columnare. This pathogen was found persistently associated with fishes causing columnaris disease and ensuing mass mortality in hatchery and culture system of Sub - Himalayan region. Nine lytic F. columnare phages (FCP1 - FCP9) specific to its fifteen isolates were isolated from the water and bottom sediments of various geo-climatic regions of North India. The F. columnare phage FCP1 (made of hexagonal head and non contractile long tail belonging to family Podovariedae, a member of DNA virus) exhibited broader host range to lyse 9 out of 15 isolates of F. columnare. Therapeutic ability of FCP1 phage was assessed in C. batrachus inoculated intramuscularly (im) with virulent bacterial isolate FC8 and post inoculated (PI) with FCP1 phage (@ 10(8) : 10(6):: cfu : pfu) through intramuscular (im), immersion (bath) and oral (phage impregnated feed) treatment. Significant (p < 0.001) reduction (less than 10(-3) cfu ml(-1)) in host bacterium in the sera, gill, liver and kidney of challenged fishes was noted after 6 hr of phage treatment. Quantum of phage played a significant role in bringing down bacterial population as in the sera of dose 1 (@ 4.55 x 10(6) pfu ml(-1)) and dose 2 (@ 9.15 x 10(6) pfu ml(-1)) treated fishes mean log10 cfu value reduced by 3 logs (58.39%) and 5 logs (73.77%) at 96 hr, respectively. Phage treatment led to disappearance of gross symptoms, negative bacteriological test, detectable phage and 100% survival in experimentally infected C. batrachus. Result of this study provides evidence of profound lytic impact of FCP1 phage and represents its interesting therapeutic importance against antibiotic resistant F. columnare. 相似文献
58.
Paudel Keshav R. Mehta Meenu Yin Geena Hew Suet Yen Lee Li Malyla Vamshikrishna Patel Vyoma K. Panneerselvam Jithendra Madheswaran Thiagarajan MacLoughlin Ronan Jha Niraj Kumar Gupta Piyush Kumar Singh Sachin Kumar Gupta Gaurav Kumar Pradeep Oliver Brian G. Hansbro Philip M. Chellappan Dinesh Kumar Dua Kamal 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(31):46830-46847
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is reported to have a high incidence rate and is one of the most prevalent types of cancer contributing towards 85%... 相似文献
59.
Autoantibodies and autoimmune disorders in SARS-CoV-2 infection: pathogenicity and immune regulation
Darmarajan Thiviya Paudel Keshav Raj Candasamy Mayuren Chellian Jestin Madheswaran Thiagarajan Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu Goh Bey Hing Gupta Piyush Kumar Jha Niraj Kumar Devkota Hari Prasad Gupta Gaurav Gulati Monica Singh Sachin Kumar Hansbro Philip Michael Oliver Brian Gregory George Dua Kamal Chellappan Dinesh Kumar 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(36):54072-54087
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease associated with the respiratory system caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The aim of this... 相似文献
60.
Manikandan Dinesh Babu Arumugam Manikandan Veeran Srinivasan Sridhar Arun Krishnasamy Sekar Rajkumar Perumalsamy Balaji Ramasamy Thirumurugan 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(26):33927-33941
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Nanotechnology tends to be a swiftly growing field of research that actively influences and inhibits the growth of bacteria/cancer. Noble metal... 相似文献