气候变化和人类活动对天津海岸带影响综述

21世纪全球海平面上升和区域地面沉降叠加所致的相对海平面上升速率存在加快趋势,将加剧天津沿海地区风暴潮、洪涝灾害和土地淹没的危害,影响沿海地区的城市抗灾功能、建筑物安全及生态资源。为此,本文综合讨论了气候变化导致的海平面上升和地面沉降对天津沿海风暴潮、海岸侵蚀以及港口码头的影响。建议滨海新区建设要高度重视海洋灾害的监测预警,提高沿海地区防潮和防汛工程的设计标准和城市抗灾能力,以有效实现滨海新区经济和社会可持续发展。     

强化活性炭处理工艺去除焦化厂生化出水中的氰化物

以某焦化厂生化出水为研究对象,考寨了金属负载活性炭(简称负载炭)和Fenton氧化预处理等强化活性炭工艺对总氰化物(TCN)的去除效果.在TCN批式实验中,对负载炭的金属离子种类和固定方式进行了考察,同时研究了接触时间、DO对游离氰(KCN配水)、络合氰(K3Fe(CN)6配水)及焦化厂生化出水中TCN的去除效果.结果表明,负载金属离子可以有效提高活性炭对TCN的去除量,KI固定后的载铜活性炭对TCN的去除更有效.吸附作用在活性炭去除TCN过程中起着主要作用,同时TCN在活性炭表面也发生缓慢的催化氧化反应.在穿透实验中,采用了小型炭柱穿透和微型快速穿透实验方法,得到的TCN穿透曲线基本相同.含不同比例原煤炭和负载炭的小型炭柱处理经Fenton氧化预处理的焦化厂生化出水时,在18 d的启动阶段后形成生物活性炭柱,其出水能长期达到<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)规定的要求.载铜话性炭可以提高活性炭工艺对TCN的去除能力,确保处理全程(57 d)出水的TCN达标.     

Measurement of semivolatile carbonaceous aerosols and its implications: A review

Measurement of carbonaceous aerosols is complicated by positive and negative artifacts. An organic denuder with high efficiency for removing gaseous organics is an effective approach to eliminate the positive artifact, and it is a precondition for the accurate determination of SVOC by an adsorbent backup filter. Evaluations of different configurations of the organic denuder, and SVOC determined by different denuder-based samplers, both integrated and semi-continuous, are reviewed. A new equation for determination of the denuder efficiency is estimated, considering the efficiency of removing both the gaseous organics that could be adsorbed by the quartz and the gaseous passing through the quartz that could be subsequently adsorbed by the backup adsorbent filter. The origin of OC on the backup quartz filter, behind either quartz or Teflon filter, is quantitatively evaluated by the denuder-based method based on the data published. The backup-OC is shown to be dominated by either gaseous organics passing through the front filter or the evaporated particulate organic carbon depending on the sampling environment.     

用废弃印刷线路板制备粒状活性炭

以废旧印刷线路板非金属分离物为前躯体,经热解、成型、炭化和水蒸汽活化制备粒状活性炭.研究了热解温度对残碳收率的影响,煤焦油配比对成型碳强度的影响,活化反应条件对活性炭烧蚀率、比表面积和碘吸附值的影响.结果表明,随着热解温度的提高残碳收率下降;随着煤焦油配比增大,成型碳的强度呈现先增大后减少的趋势,成型碳机械强度最大时的...     

Constructing a Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectral reference library for fine-particle analysis

Fine particles associated with haze pollution threaten the health of over 400 million people in China. Owing to excellent non-destructive fingerprint recognition characteristics, Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are often used to analyze the composition of fine particles to determine their physical and chemical properties as well as reaction mechanisms. However, there is no comprehensive Raman spectral library of fine particles. Furthermore, various studies that used SERS for fine-particle composition analysis showed that the uniqueness of the SERS substrates and different excitation wavelengths can produce a different spectrum for the same fine-particle component. To overcome this limitation, we conducted SERS experiments with a portable Raman spectrometer using two common SERS substrates (silver (Ag) foil and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs)) and a 785 nm laser. Herein, we introduced three main particle component types (sulfate-nitrate-ammonium (SNA), organic material, and soot) with a total of 39 chemical substances. We scanned the solid Raman, liquid Raman, and SERS spectra of these substances and constructed a fine-particle reference library containing 105 spectra. Spectral results indicated that for soot and SNA, the differences in characteristic peaks mainly originated from the solid-liquid phase transition; Ag foil had little effect on this difference, while the Au NPs caused a significant red shift in the peak positions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Moreover, with various characteristic peak positions in the three types of spectra, we could quickly and correctly distinguish substances. We hope that this spectral library will aid in the future identification of fine particles.     

Response mechanism of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to nanoscale bismuth oxyiodide (nano-BiOI): Integrating analysis of mineral nutrient metabolism and metabolomics

Nanoscale bismuth oxyiodide (nano-BiOI) is widely studied and applied in environmental applications and biomedical fields, with the consequence that it may be deposited into aquatic environments. However, the impact of nano-BiOI on aquatic ecosystems, especially freshwater microalga, remains limited. Herein, the nano-BiOI was synthesized and its response mechanism towards microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was evaluated. Results showed that a low concentration of nano-BiOI (5 mg/L) could stimulate algal growth at the early stage of stress. With the increase in concentration, the growth rate of algal cells was inhibited and showed a dose effect. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly induced and accompanied by enhanced lipid peroxidation, decreased nonspecific esterase activity, and significantly upregulated glutathione S-transferase activity (GST) activity. Mineral nutrient metabolism analysis showed that nano-BiOI significantly interfered with the mineral nutrients of the algae. Non-targeted metabolomics identified 35 different metabolites (DEMs, 22 upregulated, and 13 downregulated) under 100 mg/L BiOI stress. Metabolic pathway analysis demonstrated that a high concentration of nano-BiOI significantly induced metabolic pathways related to amino acid biosynthesis, lipid biosynthesis, and glutathione biosynthesis, and significantly inhibited the sterol biosynthesis pathway. This finding will contribute to understanding the toxicological mechanisms of nano-BiOI on C. reinhardtii.     

云南省滑坡泥石流与强降水的相关性和多时间尺度特征研究

以云南省1961-2011年的滑坡泥石流灾害和逐日降水观测数据为基础,采用相关分析和小波变换分析方法,研究了云南滑坡泥石流与强降水变化的相关性特征和多时间尺度特征。结论为:近51年来云南滑坡泥石流活动频次呈现出逐步增长的趋势,云南滑坡泥石流与强降水的变化具有显著的相关关系,与暴雨的相关性最高,其次为大暴雨和大雨。云南滑坡泥石流与强降水变化表现出十分明显的多时间尺度变化特征。滑坡泥石流与强降水的变化均存在有6年的特征时间尺度变化,在6年的特征时间尺度上,云南滑坡泥石流的变化一般是相同或滞后于强降水的变化。     

山区铁路沿线暴雨泥石流预报的研究

泥石流发生是灾害性降雨过程和流域内不稳定的松散物产状与制约水、沙输移的河沟条件所决定的。解决泥石流预报中的时、空因素，可以通过每小时接收卫星云图的信息分析决定。对某一流域内能否发生泥石流的预报，则由降雨条件函数和地面环境动态函数组合的量级决定。本研究对铁路三个预报试验区、黄河水利委员会三个水土保持科学试验站的大量观测试验资料进行了统计分析，完善了“山区铁路暴雨泥石流中短期预报的研究”专题中提出的泥     

中子辐射防护服的设计、结构与效果

系统地阐述了中子辐射防护服的设计依据、结构、式样及使用效果。表明这是一种能有效地屏蔽热中子和中能中子的防护器具,可用于许多场所。     

云南极端霜冻气候事件的气候特征及环流背景分析

利用云南124个气象站逐日最低气温和天气现象(霜)资料,计算最低气温低于-5℃的站点数占全省总站数的比例,定义站点比例超出25%的霜冻事件为云南极端霜冻气候事件。分析了云南极端霜冻气候事件的气候特征及环流背景。结果表明,云南极端霜冻事件发生前气温偏低,云量偏多;霜冻发生时夜间晴朗,辐射散热强烈,气温再度下降。这种霜冻属于混合霜冻或称为平流辐射霜冻。极端霜冻气候事件发生的主要原因之一是高空冷平流与底层冷高压控制下夜间晴空辐射冷却降温。发生时空气湿度较发生前小,空气相对干燥。