基于Stacking的地面PM2.5浓度估算

为了解决地面PM_2.5监测网络在空间和时间覆盖受限的问题,提出了基于宽时空覆盖的卫星气溶胶光学厚度AOD,利用Stacking方法建立地面PM_2.5浓度估算模型,将AOD、PM_2.5和各气象参数以及与PM_2.5排放有关的数据进行训练,使用改进网格搜索对模型超参数进行优化,通过对多重共线性分析,建立基于Stacking的最优PM_2.5浓度估算模型。选取2016-01-01-2016-12-31的数据作为实验对象,结果表明:相比于随机森林、GBRT和XGBoost 3种模型,使用岭回归作为元学习器的Stacking模型性能更优,可见Stacking适用于大范围地理区域的大气污染监测。     

雨水管道沉积物中典型无机氮的干期粒径分布

以南京江北新区分流制雨水管道沉积物为研究对象,考察不同粒径沉积物中铵态氮（NH₃-N）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）干期分布特征,分析其随干期长度的变化关系,并探讨沉积物理化性质及微生物菌群结构对NH₃-N和NO₃^--N干期分布的影响.结果表明：粒径≤0.075mm的沉积物中NH₃-N占比最高（交通区30.8%,商业区36.7%）;交通区粒径≤0.075mm的沉积物中NO₃^--N占比最高（33.0%）,而商业区粒径0.075~0.15mm沉积物中NO₃^--N占比最高（34.4%）;干期长度与交通区0.075~0.15mm粒径段的沉积物中NO₃^--N含量及商业区粒径≥0.3mm的沉积物中NH₃-N含量之间的相关性均最显著;雨水管道沉积物中NH₃-N和NO₃^--N的干期分布与O-H和N-H等官能团、表面极性和亲水性、微观形貌等有一定关联;交通区雨水管道沉积物中Gemmobacter等反硝化优势菌种（相对丰度总和为20.15%）对NO₃^--N干期分布影响更显著.     

锐钛矿型二氧化钛的低温合成及其吸附除氟性能的研究

通过水解法在50℃低温条件下合成了锐钛矿型TiO₂,使用XRD、FT-IR、BET等方法对TiO₂进行了表征,并研究其对水中氟离子的吸附行为。结果表明:所合成锐钛矿型TiO₂比表面积达到278.93 m2/g,常温下对氟离子的最大吸附量为30.02 mg/g。吸附过程符合Langmuir等温线模型和准一级动力学模型,是自发性的吸热过程,吸附机理为静电吸引。     

Acceleration of floc-water separation and floc reduction with magnetic nanoparticles during demulsification of complex waste cutting emulsions

Waste cutting emulsions are difficult to treat efficiently owing to their complex composition and stable emulsified structure. As an important treatment method for emulsions, chemical demulsification is faced with challenges such as low flocs–water separation rates and high sludge production. Hence, in this study, Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were used to enhance chemical demulsification performance for treating waste cutting emulsions under a magnetic field. The addition of MNPs significantly decreased the time required to attain sludge–water separation and sludge compression equilibrium, from 210 to 20 min. In addition, the volume percentage of sludge produced at the equilibrium state was reduced from 45% to 10%. This excellent flocculation–separation performance was stable over a pH range of 3–11. The magnetization of the flocculants and oil droplets to form a flocculant–MNP–oil droplet composite, and the magnetic transfer of the composite were two key processes that enhanced the separation of cutting emulsions. Specifically, the interactions among MNPs, flocculants, and oil droplets were important in the magnetization process, which was controlled by the structures and properties of the three components. Under the magnetic field, the magnetized flocculant–MNP–oil droplet composites were considerably accelerated and separated from water, and the sludge was simultaneously compressed. Thus, this study expands the applicability of magnetic separation techniques in the treatment of complex waste cutting emulsions.     

Investigation to meet China II emission legislation for marine diesel engine with diesel methanol compound combustion technology

In order to reduce the pollutant emission and alleviate the pressure of petroleum resources shortage and greenhouse gas emission at the same time, the use of clean and renewable alternative fuel for marine engines is a promising option. In this study, a marine diesel engine, which was modified to run in diesel methanol compound combustion (DMCC) mode, was investigated. After the diesel injection parameters were calibrated, and combined with a sample after-treatment device DOC (diesel oxidation catalyst), the engine could meet the requirements of China II legislation. The overall MSP (methanol substitute percent) reached 54.1%. The value of each pollutant emission was much lower than that in China II emission legislation, and there was almost no methanol and formaldehyde emissions. When methanol was injected into the inlet manifold, the intake air temperature decreased a lot, as well as the exhaust gas temperature, which were beneficial to increase engine thermal efficiency and improve engine room environment. Compared with the engine running in pure diesel mode, when the engine ran in diesel/methanol dual fuel mode, the combustion phase was advanced, and the combustion duration became shorter. Therefore, the engine thermal efficiency increased, and fuel consumption decreased significantly.     

不同制备温度下污泥生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性

以城市剩余污泥为原料,于300,400,500,600 ℃温度条件下制备生物炭,通过单因素静态吸附实验探讨制备温度对生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的影响。结果表明:在500 ℃以内随着温度上升制备的生物炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附量增加,制备温度高于500 ℃后变化不明显;扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面积（BET）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）表征结果显示,热解温度对生物炭表面形貌和官能团组成有显著影响;等温模型及动力学拟合结果表明,生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）为单分子层吸附、物理-化学复合吸附。热解温度对污泥制备生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的性能有显著影响,最佳制备温度为500 ℃,在此条件制备的生物炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的理论吸附量可达7.93 mg/g。     

生活垃圾无害化处理工程设计实例

介绍了河北省某县通过热解气化技术处置当地生活垃圾的工程设计实例。工程设计规模为400 t/d,采用预处理+热解气化+烧结制砖技术一体符合循环经济原则的工艺路线。本项目所用处理工艺先进,在全国尚未有大规模应用。该工程的实施,能够有效解决县级城市、规模在100~500 t/d的生活垃圾处理处置难题,本项目经过热解气化+制砖工艺处理后,日产可燃气22万m3,生产标砖25万块,能够有效实现生活垃圾资源化利用,为解决县城级生活垃圾处理处置提供参考和借鉴。     

OPCRP填料的SBMBBR处理低温污水脱氮细菌多样性试验

针对低温污水生物脱氮效率低问题,采用有机高分子复合硬性颗粒（OPCRP）-SBMBBR反应器处理低温污水,与传统SBR反应器对比,通过Miseq高通量测序技术分析了2套反应器中活性污泥的细菌菌群多样性及组成结构丰度差异,揭示高效处理低温污水优势脱氮菌群。结果表明:在水温（6.5±1）℃条件下,OPCRP-SBMBBR反应器出水脱氮效果及污泥沉降速率均明显提高;投加填料有助于提高活性污泥系统内硝化反硝化菌多样性和相对丰度,即优势氨氧化菌（AOB）、亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）、厌氧反硝化菌总相对丰度分别由SBR （R1）的3.9%、3.47%、15.87%增加到OPCRP-SBMBBR （R2）的5.21%、5.26%、23.64%。异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌种红环菌科、Enterobacteriaceae、Terrimonas,分别由R1的2.77%、1.63%、2.43%增加到R2的3.3%、3.11%、2.59%;R2独有的好氧反硝化菌种包括假单胞菌属、氢噬胞菌属等,其相对丰度分别为1.17%、0.79%。R1、R2中优势好氧反硝化菌种总相对丰度分别为10.66%、17.35%,优势硝化菌种总相对丰度分别为7.37%、10.47%,优势硝化反硝化菌种总相对丰度分别为28.65%、43.32%,为低温污水中生物脱氮提供了良好的细菌环境。     

中国光伏组件报废量的预测

在采用威布尔分布模型分析光伏组件使用寿命分布情况的基础上,使用神经网络模型和市场供给A模型分别对中国光伏装机容量和组件报废量进行预测。将光伏组件按照不同质量分成2阶段,考虑不同退化情景预测组件报废量,并计算组件中有价值材料和金属报废量。预测结果表明:2025年后中国光伏组件报废量爆发,到2050年,中国光伏组件报废量最高可达60.22 GW,累计报废最高可达673 GW。在4种退化情景下,到2050年,典型贵金属方面最高产生3134.5 t的Ag;稀有金属方面最高产生228.1 t的Te;463.4 t的Cd,58.5 t的Ga,29.8 t的In;有毒有害金属方面最高产生263.9 t的Pb;Si最高产生量43735.4 t。到2050年,光伏组件材料累积废弃总量最高可达64623193.6 t。     

污水处理过程专家系统的结构特点与应用研究进展

综述了专家系统在污水处理领域的结构和特点、针对的工艺以及应用现状方面取得的研究成果。重点介绍了专家系统中知识的获取和表示、规则的建立以及与故障树和其他人工智能技术的结合情况,并对专家系统在污水处理工艺选择、运行控制以及故障诊断3个阶段的研究现状进行了细致分析。在此基础上,提出了尚需解决的问题以及进一步研究与发展的方向。