三种类型森林林下植物多样性及生物量比较

对相同立地条件下海南天然次生林、桉树和马占相思林的林下植物多样性及生物量进行调查,通过比较,灌木植物的物种丰富度S、多样性Simpson指数、Shannon-wiener指数,Margalef指数、均匀度Pielou指数为:天然次生林＞桉树人工林＞马占相思人工林,方差分析前两者之间差异不显著,后两者之间差异极显著;而草本植物的变化趋势为:桉树人工林＞天然次生林＞马占相思人工林,方差分析结果前二者间除均匀度Pielou指数差异不显著外,其它多样性指数间差异极显著,后二者间差异不显著.灌木植物地上部分总生物量的变化趋势为:天然次生林＞桉树人工林＞马占相思人工林,草本植物的变化趋势为:桉树人工林＞马占相思人工林＞天然次生林.     

青海省黄土丘陵沟壑区沟蚀影响因子的贡献率

以青海乐都县峰堆乡小流域6条侵蚀沟为研究对象,用钢钎法测定了年侵蚀模数,根据土壤砂粒、粉粒、粘粒和有机质的质量分数求算可蚀性K值,进行年侵蚀模数与植被盖度、坡度、K值之间的多元回归分析,采用标准化处理,来确定相对贡献率,探讨了3个指标对侵蚀沟的影响.结果表明:随着盖度增加侵蚀沟年侵蚀模数明显降低,沟蚀量对植被盖度的敏感度有随盖度升高而降低的趋势,沟蚀量有随坡度和可蚀性K值增加而上升的趋势.植被盖度、坡度和K值变化对峰堆小流域沟蚀量变化的贡献率分别为66.97%、7.12%和25.91%,可见沟蚀量受植被盖度的影响要大于坡度和K值的影响.     

Catalytic decomposition of low level ozone with gold nanoparticles supported on activated carbon

Highly dispersed gold nanoparticles were supported on coal-based activated carbon (AC) by a sol immobilization method and were used to investigate their catalytic activity for low-level ozone decomposition at ambient temperature. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the catalysts before and after ozone decomposition. The results showed that the supported gold nanoparticles prepared with microwave heating were much smaller and more uniformly dispersed on the activated carbon than those prepared with traditional conduction heating, exhibiting higher catalytic activity for ozone decomposition. The pH values of gold precursor solution significantly influenced the catalytic activity of supported gold for ozone decomposition, and the best pH value was 8. In the case of space velocity of 120000h⁻¹, inlet ozone concentration of 50mg/m³, and relative humidity of 45%, the Au/AC catalyst maintained the ozone removal ratio at 90.7% after 2500min. After being used for ozone decomposition, the surface carbon of the catalyst was partly oxidized and the oxygen content increased accordingly, while its specific surface area and pore volume only decreased a little. Ozone was mainly catalytically decomposed by the gold nanoparticles supported on the activated carbon.     

沱江流域水资源的保护与利用

本文研究了沱江流域水资源的开发利用问题。由于流域内水资源贫乏和开发利用程度较高,枯水期中下游区无法保证水资源的需要。随着工业的发展,沱江水质污染将日趋严重致使枯水期有限的水资源变成不能使用的污水。因此,本文较详细地研究了沱江水质保护规划。在水目标、水污染控制最优方案、总量控制标准、流域水质保护区划等方面进行了探讨,文中从水量和水质两方面着手,根据系统工程原理求得解决水资源问题的最佳方案。     

Fate of proteins of waste activated sludge during thermal alkali pretreatment in terms of sludge protein recovery

Maillard reaction between reducing sugars and amides happened during pretreatment. Over 90 min of TAH at the optimal condition, 67.59% sludge proteins was solubilized. 15.84% soluble proteins broke down to materials with small molecular weight. Proteins are the major organic component s of waste activated sludge (WAS); the recovery of sludge proteins is economically valuable. To efficiently recover sludge proteins, WAS should undergo hydrolysis pretreatment to fully release proteins from sludge flocs and microbial cells into aqueous phase. One of the most widely used chemical methods for that is thermal alkali hydrolysis (TAH). Here, the soluble protein concentration achieved the highest level over 90 min of TAH pretreatment at 80°C; the sludge floc disintegration and microbial cell destruction were maximized according to the content profiles of bound extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) of sludge. Both less proteins broken down to materials with small molecular weight and less melanoidin generated were responsible. TAH pretreatment at 80°C for 90 min resulted in the solubilization of 67.59% of sludge proteins. 34.64% of solubilized proteins was present in soluble high molecular; 1.55% and 4.85% broke down to polypeptides and amino acids. The lost proteins via being converted to ammonium and nitrate nitrogen accounted for 9.44% of solubilized proteins. It was important to understand the fate of sludge proteins during TAH pretreatment in terms of protein recovery, which would be helpful for designing the downstream protein separation method and its potential application.     

石灰湿式脱硫新型添加剂研究

在恒温器中利用工业上常见的工业原料合成高分子物质,筛选出溶解性能合格的高分子物质作为脱硫添加剂,对添加剂的缓冲性能进行了系列研究,并且在液气比L／Q=5．0、石灰浆质量分数w=3％的条件下,对二氧化硫烟气进行脱硫对比试验研究。结果表明：添加剂作用效果明显,具有很强的缓冲性能;添加一定量的添加剂,脱硫效率上升4％;添加剂还具有一定的缓冲功能。     

浅析北京地铁的灭火救援

本文介绍了北京地铁的运营及灭火救援准备工作现状,指出了一些影响灭火救援工作的问题,并提出了相应的解决方法.     

冷轧乳化废水的电凝聚处理

针对冷轧高浓度含油乳化废水,使用电絮凝工艺进行了研究,探讨了pH值、电流密度、反应时间、NaCl投加量和板间距等因素对电絮凝的影响,试验比较了电絮凝与其他化学方法对高浓度乳化液的处理效果,得到了令人满意的结果。     

影响吹脱塔对垃圾渗滤液氨吹脱效率因素研究

垃圾渗滤液氨氮含量高,用吹脱塔进行氨吹脱时,pH值、水温、气液比对吹脱效率有较大的影响。当pH在9．2～11．5时,吹脱效率随pH值增加而提高;但高于11．5,吹脱效率随pH值增加变化不大。水温越高,吹脱效率越高。气液比在3500m^3／m^3以下时,随着气液比的升高,吹脱效率显著升高,但当气液比上升至3500m^3／m^3以上时,吹脱效率变化较平稳。氨氮浓度的高低对吹脱效率影响不大。     

从组分和性质角度谈污染地块中石油烃的人体健康风险评估

石油烃的人体健康风险评估是污染地块土壤污染风险评估过程中的最常见的问题之一,其远比单一污染物的评估复杂和困难.但我国缺乏针对性的评估方法,实际操作中存在较多误区.因此,对于石油烃概念、性质的归纳总结以及对其健康风险评估方法的研究和探索,具有重要的意义.本文介绍了石油烃的基本概念,分析了不同馏分性质间的关系,回顾并分析了其分析测试方法及人体健康风险评估方法的适用要求及优缺点,提出了指示剂法与分馏法相结合采用典型样品馏分占比进行总体评估的工作方法,进而针对我国当前面临的问题,提出了后续的研究和发展建议.