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11.
Aquatic total phosphorus (Tot-P) is measured 30 m distant from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cages, for regulatory compliance on the Canadian side of Lake Huron. The ability to predict changes in near-field Tot-P concentrations from changes in production, or to explain near-field concentrations in the event of compromised reference sites, would be very useful for managers and farmers. A logical first step in the development of a near-field model is the estimation of down-current Tot-P concentrations. A nutritional mass balance approach was used to calculate the amount of non-settleable Tot-P which was divided by the corresponding flushing volume over four separate production periods. Despite a number of uncertainties, such as cage effects on flushing volume, the contribution of particulate phosphorus, fish distribution, feed conversion ratio, and ingestion-excretion time; accuracy (slope = 1.06) and precision (r(2) = 0.75) of modelled estimates fit well with empirical results. It was concluded that 30 m down-current Tot-P concentrations could be modelled under a diverse set of culture and environmental conditions, suggesting typical 'near-field' concentrations of Tot-P can be explained on the basis of farm activities. 相似文献
12.
This article presents an investigation of relationships between organic farming and landscape composition in Denmark. Landscape composition was analysed in terms of density of uncultivated landscape elements (I), number of land uses per hectare (II), diversity of land use (III) and mean field size (IV). Two analytical approaches were used. The first was based on an examination of the national agricultural registers for 1998, 2001 and 2004. The second approach used aerial photo interpretation for an analysis of 72 conventional and 40 organic farms within three sample areas for 1982, 1995 and 2002. The national analysis indicated that organic farming has a direct effect on landscape composition. In 2001, organic farms were characterised by a higher number of land uses per ha, a higher land use diversity and smaller mean field sizes. From 1998 to 2004, conversion to organic farming was related to an increasing number of land uses per ha, increasing land-use diversity and decreasing mean field sizes. Relationships between organic farming and landscape composition were independent of variations in regional location, farm size or farm size change. At the level of sample areas, a significant relationship between organic farming and landscape composition was only found for densities of small biotopes. However, when differences in farm size and physical geographical conditions between conventional and organic farms were taken into account, several significant differences in landscape composition were clarified in two of the three sample areas. Furthermore, changes in landscape composition following conversion to organic farming were largely biased by the characteristics of the sample areas. Thus, in contrast to the national level, the sample area study indicated that differences in landscape composition between organic and conventional farms were not a direct implication of organic farming practices, but were related to variations within other parameters and to the location of organically farmed land. 相似文献
13.
14.
Maturity,fecundity, and reproductive cycle of the spotted ratfish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hydrolagus colliei</Emphasis> 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Lewis A. K. Barnett Ryan L. Earley David A. Ebert Gregor M. Cailliet 《Marine Biology》2009,156(3):301-316
Size at maturity, fecundity, and reproductive periodicity were estimated for the spotted ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei (Lay and Bennett, 1839), off the coast of California, Oregon, and Washington. Maximum body size and size at median maturity
were greater for females than males. Skeletal muscle concentrations of the steroid hormones testosterone (T) and estradiol
(E2) predicted similar, but slightly smaller sizes at maturity than the morphological criterion. Stage of maturity for males
was estimated identically using internal organs or external secondary sexual characters, thus allowing non-lethal maturity
assessments. Size at median maturity was greater north of Point Conception for females, and north of Cape Mendocino for males.
Peak parturition occurred from May to October, with increased concentrations of E2 in skeletal muscle of females correlating with ovarian recrudescence during November to February. No significant seasonal
trends in female T were apparent, but mean female 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) was 300% greater in April than any other month
during the parturition season. There was a marginal evidence for increased number and size of ova with maternal size. Extrapolation
of the hypothesized 6 to 8-month egg-laying season to observed mean parturition rates of captive specimens yielded an estimated
annual fecundity of 19.5–28.9 egg cases. Differences in fecundity among higher taxonomic classifications of chondrichthyans
were detected with chimaeriform fishes more fecund than lamniform, myliobatiform, squaliform, and rhinobatiform fishes, and
less fecund than rajiform fishes.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
15.
16.
Gas separation is a key issue in various industrial fields. Hydrogen has the potential for application in clean fuel technologies. Therefore, the separation and purification of hydrogen is an important research subject. CO2 capture and storage have important roles in "green chemistry". As an effective clean technology, gas separation using inorganic membranes has attracted much attention in the last several decades. Membrane processes have many applications in the field of gas separation. Cement is one type of inorganic material, with the advantages of a lower cost and a longer lifespan. An experimental setup has been created and improved to measure twenty different cement membranes. The purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of gas molecule properties on the material transport and to explore the influence of operating conditions and membrane composition on separation efficiency. The influences of the above parameters are determined, the best conditions and membrane type are found, it is shown that cementitious material has the ability to separate gas mixtures, and the gas transport mechanism is studied. 相似文献
17.
The 4-year drawdown of Horsetooth Reservoir, Colorado, for dam maintenance, provides a case study analog of vegetation response
on sediment that might be exposed from removal of a tall dam. Early vegetation recovery on the exposed reservoir bottom was
a combination of (1) vegetation colonization on bare, moist substrates typical of riparian zones and reservoir sediment of
shallow dams and (2) a shift in moisture status from mesic to the xeric conditions associated with the pre-impoundment upland
position of most of the drawdown zone. Plant communities changed rapidly during the first four years of exposure, but were
still substantially different from the background upland plant community. Predictions from the recruitment box model about
the locations of Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera (plains cottonwood) seedlings relative to the water surface were qualitatively confirmed with respect to optimum locations.
However, the extreme vertical range of water surface elevations produced cottonwood seed regeneration well outside the predicted
limits of drawdown rate and height above late summer stage. The establishment and survival of cottonwood at high elevations
and the differences between the upland plant community and the community that had developed after four years of exposure suggest
that vegetation recovery following tall dam removal will follow a trajectory very different from a simple reversal of the
response to dam construction, involving not only long time scales of establishment and growth of upland vegetation, but also
possibly decades of persistence of legacy vegetation established during the reservoir to upland transition. 相似文献
18.
Gregor Schlüter Maren Steckel Holger Schiffmann Karsten Harms Volker Viereck Günter Emons Peter Burfeind Hans-Ulrich Pauer 《黑龙江环境通报》2005,25(7):574-576
Prenatal molecular genetic diagnosis for Noonan syndrome I is reported. Noonan syndrome was suspected because of large cystic hygroma colli, massive pleural effusion and ascites at 23 weeks of gestation and normal karyotype (46,XX). DNA was prepared from amnion cells and screened for mutations in the PTPN11 gene. In exon 8, a missense mutation (S285F) was found. Delivery was induced at 33 weeks of gestation because of silent cardiotocography (CTG). Despite immediate drainage of the hydrothorax, mechanical ventilation was insufficient and the child died 9 h after birth due to severe pulmonary hypoplasia. Pleural punctate was enriched for small lymphocytes and thus was characterized as chylus. Prenatal ultrasound findings in Noonan syndrome usually are unspecific and rarely lead to a diagnosis. However, with the combination of cystic hygroma, pleural effusion, ascites and normal karyotype Noonan syndrome should be considered and DNA testing for PTPN11 mutations may be appropriate. Malformations of lymphatic vessels and/or chylothorax in Noonan syndrome seem to be more frequent than usually anticipated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Recycling possibilities were evaluated for a composite waste composed of glass fiber reinforced polyester bound to a layer of crosslinked... 相似文献
20.
Roman Schoula Jana Hajšloviá Pavel Gregor Vladimir Kocourek Vladimir Bencko 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(1-2):263-274
The persistence of lipophilic organochlorine substances leads to their incorporation into the food chain and subsequent uptake by humans. Due to their use in the past, Czech and Slovak countries belong to the countries with a relatively high body burden of organochlorines. Levels of PCBs in human tissues based on the congener‐specific analysis are reported in this paper. Samples were analysed for the most abundant PCB congeners. Prevalent persistent organochlorine pesticides and their isomers/metabolites have also been included. The present study is focused on following areas: i) distribution of analysed substances in the various human tissue samples from selected regions of the Czech and Slovak Republic and ii) comparison with the results from other foreign and local studies. 相似文献