非点源污染控制的现状及其立法原则

非点源污染危害规模大,防治困难,已经成为危害中国乃至全球生态环境的一个最重要因素。在管理与控制非点源污染方面,如果仅仅依靠技术层面上和经济层面上的治理,不仅治理难度大,投入成本高,而且在现有的技术条件下效果也不理想。因此,必须从政策法律的层面上来探讨非点源污染的控制。在现有的水污染立法体系中明确非点源污染的指导思想和立法原则,明确法律关系主体间的权利义务,使非点源污染控制有法可依。     

Coupling between free-surface fluctuations,velocity fluctuations and turbulent Reynolds stresses during the upstream propagation of positive surges,bores and compression waves

In open channel, canals and rivers, a rapid increase in flow depth will induce a positive surge, also called bore or compression wave. The positive surge is a translating hydraulic jump. Herein new experiments were conducted in a large-size rectangular channel to characterise the unsteady turbulent properties, including the coupling between free-surface and velocity fluctuations. Experiments were repeated 25 times and the data analyses yielded the instantaneous median and instantaneous fluctuations of free-surface elevation, velocities and turbulent Reynolds stresses. The passage of the surge front was associated with large free-surface fluctuations, comparable to those observed in stationary hydraulic jumps, coupled with large instantaneous velocity fluctuations. The bore propagation was associated with large turbulent Reynolds stresses and instantaneous shear stress fluctuations, during the passage of the surge. A broad range of shear stress levels was observed underneath the bore front, with the probability density of the tangential stresses distributed normally and the normal stresses distributed in a skewed single-mode fashion. Maxima in normal and tangential stresses were observed shortly after the passage of a breaking bore roller toe. The maximum Reynolds stresses occurred after the occurrence of the maximum free-surface fluctuations, and this time lag implied some interaction between the free-surface fluctuations and shear stress fluctuations beneath the surge front, and possibly some causal effect.     

微生物絮凝剂研究与应用进展

本文论述了微生物絮凝剂开发应用的必要性,介绍了微生物絮凝剂的种类和研究概况,分析了微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理及其影响因素,列举了微生物絮凝剂的应用实例,认为今后微生物絮凝剂在环境污染治理中、特别是在回收废水中有益物质的过程中将占据重要地位。     

Removal of malachite green dye from wastewater by different organic acid-modified natural adsorbent: kinetics,equilibriums, mechanisms,practical application,and disposal of dye-loaded adsorbent

Natural adsorbent (Cinnamomum camphora sawdust) modified by organic acid (oxalic acid, citric acid, and tartaric acid) was investigated as a potential adsorbent for the removal of hazardous malachite green (MG) dye in aqueous media in a batch process. The extent of MG adsorption onto modified sawdust increased with increasing organic acid concentrations, pH, contact time, and temperature but decreased with increasing adsorbent dosage and ionic strength. Kinetic study indicated that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model could best describe the adsorption kinetics of MG. Equilibrium data were found to fit well with the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacity of the three kinds of organic acid-modified sawdust was 280.3, 222.8, and 157.5 mg/g, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters suggested that the sorption of MG was an endothermic process. The adsorption mechanism, the application of adsorbents in practical wastewater, the prediction of single-stage batch adsorption system, and the disposal of depleted adsorbents were also discussed.     

全细胞脂肪酶(菌)对SBR系统中微生物群落演替的影响

将具有油脂污水处理功能的全细胞脂肪酶(菌)制剂,直接加入到SBR系统的活性污泥中,应用PCR-DGGE技术的应用,研究该制剂对活性污泥中微生物群落演替的影响。16S rDNA DGGE图谱表明投加全细胞脂肪酶(菌)制剂72h后,菌群丰富度Rs为57%、与空白组的48%相比变化不明显,不同样品相似性系数Cs在48.1%~74.4%之间,表明投加全细胞脂肪酶(菌)对活性污泥中原核微生物群落的演替没有明显影响。18S rDNA DGGE图谱表明,投加全细胞脂肪酶(菌)制剂72 h后,菌群丰富度Rs为72%、与空白组的22%相比存在显著性的差异,不同样品相似性系数Cs在14.5%~73.7%之间,而且优势菌体也发生动态变化,表明投加全细胞脂肪酶(菌)后,对活性污泥中的真核微生物群落演替影响明显。     

欠发达地区小城镇污水治理

随着我国城镇化进程的加快,小城镇建设迅猛发展.城镇污水治理已经成为新农村建设目标能否实现的一个重要因素.本文从当前我国小城镇污水治理面临的严峻形势以及现实困境出发,提出适合欠发达地区推广的污水处理技术工艺.     

大伙房水库上游地区生态补偿标准研究

相对于自然生态保护其他方面,江河断流、湖泊湿地萎缩、水源涵养功能退化、水土流失加剧等流域污染问题,水资源保护存在的“上游投入、下游得利”不合理现象,不断加剧水资源质量的衰减和水体环境的恶化。本文以维持流域生态系统平衡及生态服务功能,调整流域相关利益方生态及其经济利益分配关系为依据,根据流域面临的生态保护、污染治理和水资源合理利用等问题特点,以大伙房水库上游地区为例,构建以生态系统服务功能价值和机会成本理论为基础的生态补偿标准估算模型,对流域生态补偿资金进行分配,探索建立不同类型、各有侧重、因地制宜的生态补偿标准,在试点和实践中调整完善,为国家建立流域生态补偿机制和政策提供模式和经验。     

AQ 6109-2012《坠落防护登杆脚扣》标准解读与检测方法探讨

登杆脚扣是我国电力、电讯行业登高作业人员必不可少的专用工具。本文通过对AQ6109-2012《坠落防护登杆脚扣》标准内容的解读,对标准中涉及安全防护重要技术要求的检测方法进行探讨,希望为登杆脚扣检测机构、生产企业与使用单位提供一些帮助。     

“自由落体”游乐设备直流电机故障分析

创新是大型游乐设施占领市场的核心竞争力,但创新也容易引发各类问题及不确定性,特别是涉及游乐设备可维护性方面,更容易在创新过程中忽视。本文以国外设备供应商生产的“自由落体”游乐设备的故障入手,从研究直流电机故障机理、维修方案以及设计维保建议等几个方面,提出提升直流电机可维护性的举措,主张行业的设计人员不但要聚焦大型游乐设施的趣味性,也要更多关注如何提高大型游乐设施的可靠性、可维护性。     

胶州市农村生态环境保护的对策及建议

在对胶州市农村生态环境保护工作进行调查研究的基础上,分析了胶州市农村生态环境保护现状和污染来源,以及农村环保工作存在的环境意识差、管理混乱、环境治理资金不足等主要问题。同时结合胶州农村生态环境保护现状,提出了编制农村生态规划、加强基础设施建设、建设生态农业、实行农业清洁生产等解决胶州市农村生态环境保护工作的对策和建议。