火灾危险源与火灾隐患之辨析

通过归纳总结危险源定义和分类,引申出火灾危险源的定义和分类.就火灾隐患定义在不同领域的运用提出了广义和狭义火灾隐患之分,并就火灾危险源与火灾隐患之间的关系阐述了一些观点.     

频率域电磁感应技术在场地全覆盖污染快速筛查中的应用

针对上海典型化工企业场地(A)和金属制品企业场地(B),运用低成本的频率域电磁感应技术(FDEMI)进行全覆盖扫描探测,依据地层视电导率(ECa)空间分布特征,快速定位土壤/地下水疑似污染区,并合理布置钻孔取样点位。取样测试分析结果显示,土壤/地下水实际污染空间分布与地层ECa值平面分布高度一致。综合FDEMI全覆盖扫描和钻孔取样分析结果,采取"点面结合"方式对全场进行风险分级分区,确定了场地A的西北部及中部存在TPH、氯代芳烃、苯系物和重金属Mn的复合污染区,占全场总面积的28%;场地B的中部为重金属(Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn)重度污染区,占全场总面积的23%。土壤/地下水中重金属线性电导特性、污染物质极性、有机物自然降解过程中的离子释放现象等可能是引起地层ECa值空间变化的主要影响因素。     

混凝剂对生物造粒流化床污泥中微生物生理生态的影响研究

为了系统研究聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对生物造粒流化床颗粒污泥生理生态的影响,对投加PAC或PAM后活性污泥的特性和硝化菌群的空间分布进行了对比研究,同时考察了投加混凝剂后的污染物去除效果.结果表明,与不投加混凝剂相比,投加PAC后,运行60 d时反应器中混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)、混合液挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS)浓度分别提高了73％、29％；通过平板计数法计算结果可知,未投加混凝剂、投加PAC、投加PAM的反应器中微生物的增长是非常稳定的,投加PAC或PAM都促进了细菌的生长和繁殖；荧光原位杂交鉴定结果表明,各个反应器中亚硝化菌(AOB)或硝化菌(NOB)所占比例均基本相当,且AOB数量均略高于NOB数量；投加PAC或PAM都能够提高COD的去除率；投加PAC可大大提高TP的去除率；3个反应器中各种形态氮的去除效果非常接近,脱氮主要靠硝化菌群的生物降解作用,投加PAC或PAM对微生物的硝化作用没有抑制.     

Air pollution and health studies in China--policy implications

During the rapid economic development in China, ambient air pollutants in major cities, including PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < or =10 microm) and SO2 have been reduced due to various measures taken to reduce or control sources of emissions, whereas NO2 is stable or slightly increased. However, air pollution levels in China are still at the higher end of the world level. Less information is available regarding changes in national levels of other pollutants such as PM2.5 and ozone. The Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection (MOEP) set an index for "controlling/reducing total SO2 emissions" to evaluate the efficacy of air pollution control strategy in the country. Total SO2 emissions declined for the first time in 2007. Chinese epidemiologic studies evidenced adverse health effects of ambient air pollution similar to those reported from developed countries, though risk estimates on mortality/morbidity per unit increase of air pollutant are somewhat smaller than those reported in developed countries. Disease burden on health attributable to air pollution is relatively greater in China because of higher pollution levels. Improving ambient air quality has substantial and measurable public health benefits in China. It is recommended that the current Chinese air quality standards be updated/revised and the target for "controlling/reducing total SO2 emissions" be maintained and another target for "reducing total NO2 emissions" be added in view of rapid increase in motor vehicles. Continuous and persistent efforts should be taken to improve ambient air quality.     

Phosphate removal from domestic wastewater using thermally modified steel slag

This study was performed to investigate the removal of phosphate from domestic wastewater using a modified steel slag as the adsorbent. The adsorption effects of alkalinity, salt, water,and thermal modification were investigated. The results showed that thermal activation at 800℃ for 1 hr was the optimum operation to improve the adsorption capacity. The adsorption process of the thermally modified slag was well described by the Elovich kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir model reached 13.62 mg/g. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the surface of the modified slag was cracked and that the texture became loose after heating. The surface area and pore volume did not change after thermal modification. In the treatment of domestic wastewater, the modified slag bed(35.5 kg) removed phosphate effectively and operated for 158 days until the effluent P rose above the limit concentration of 0.5 mg/L. The phosphate fractionation method, which is often applied in soil research, was used to analyze the phosphate adsorption behavior in the slag bed. The analysis revealed that the total contents of various Ca–P forms accounted for 81.4%–91.1%, i.e., Ca10–P 50.6%–65.1%, Ca8–P 17.8%–25.0%,and Ca2–P 4.66%–9.20%. The forms of Al–P, Fe–P, and O–P accounted for only 8.9%–18.6%. The formation of Ca10–P precipitates was considered to be the main mechanism of phosphate removal in the thermally modified slag bed.     

不同规模民用机场项目主要环境影响对比分析

按照在民航运输系统中所起的作用划分,我国民用机场可分为枢纽机场、干线机场和支线机场。由于建设规模、航空业务量不同,各类机场环境影响的范围、程度和特点也不尽相同。通过对国内机场建设项目环境影响的案例和相关研究成果进行总结,从声环境、环境空气、生态、水环境、固体废物等方面对比分析了不同规模机场的环境影响的特点,为机场选址、设计、规划等提供参考。     

黑木耳菌糠对Cu2+的生物吸附及其机理

针对现代工业废水中铜离子的污染及黑木耳产业链中菌糠废弃物资源化等问题,以黑木耳菌糠为吸附剂去除废水中的Cu2+.通过单因素试验确定响应面的高水平条件,并用响应面方法对其优化,确定最佳吸附条件;采用SEM-EDX、FTIR和XRD等手段对吸附前后的菌糠进行表征,初步探索了菌糠吸附的机理.结果显示:最佳单因素条件为菌糠投加量30.0 g·L-1、pH 7.0、Cu2+初始浓度75 mg·L-1、吸附时间120 min、温度25℃、转速150 r·min-1,吸附率为77.96%.响应面分析显示投加量、吸附时间和pH为显著因素.优化后投加量为31.6 g·L-1,吸附时间134 min,pH 7.0,吸附率可达80.51%,吸附符合Langmuir等温方程.菌糠表面疏松多孔,极易通过物理吸附方式吸附Cu2+,菌糠表面的氨基、羟基、酮基和羧基可以有效配位络合Cu2+.研究结果表明,黑木耳菌糠作为一种高效廉价环保的吸附剂,可用于Cu2+废水的处理.     

Isolation and Identification of Antialgal Compounds from the Leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. by Activity-Guided Fractionation (5 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope

Vallisneria spiralis Linn., a common, submerged macrophyte, is widely available in quiet waters of lakes, ponds, marshes and streams in Southeast Asia. V. spiralis plays a significant role not only in decreasing eutrophication of water body for its productivity, but also in inhibiting the growth of blue-green algae? The aim of the paper involves the isolation and identification of allelochemicals from extracts of V. spiralis by activity-guided fractionation and column chromatography.

Methods

Leaves of V. spiralis was washed free of debris, air-dried and refluxed in 95% EtOH. The extract was isolated using column chromatography and fractionation with antialgal activity. Potential allelochemicals were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS).

Results

Two fractions with strong antialgal activity were isolated using column chromatography and activity-guided fractionation from the extract of V. spiralis. 2-Ethyl-3-methylmaleimide, dihydroactinidiolide and 4-oxo-β-Ionone were identified in the first fraction, and 3-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-β-ionone, loliolide, 6-hydroxy-3-oxo-α-ionone and an unknown compound in the second fraction. They had strong inhibitory effects on Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz.

Discussion

2-Ethyl-3-methylmaleimide is a byproduct of photooxidation of chlorophyll, and five other compounds identified were derivatives of β-carotene. HRGC-MS and derivatization technology were used to identify and confirm their molecular structures. The formula of the unknown compound was C16H19NO4. Metabolites of plant pigments had strong inhibitory activities on growth of algae.

Conclusions

Six compounds had been identified in V. spiralis, among them, 2-ethyl-3-methylmaleimide was the main allelochemical, and derivatives of ionone were also potential allelochemicals.

Recommendations and Perspective

. The results of our research could help us to study further mechanisms of inhibitory effect on algae and develop new potential antialgal substances.     

Heavy Metal Contents and Magnetic Properties of Playground Dust in Hong Kong

This study examined the levels of seven heavy metals (namelyzinc, copper, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese and iron) andtheir associations with magnetic properties in playground dustof Hong Kong. Results showed that the playground dust containedhigh concentrations of Zn (mean = 1883 g g^-1), Cu(mean = 143 g g^-1) and Cr (mean = 263 g g^-1).Qualitative examination of dust samples under microscope indicated local traffic as one of the important pollutant sources. Magnetic measurements indicated that these anthropogenicpollutants mainly consisted of coarse-grained multidomain (MD) ferrimagnetic minerals. Superparamagnetic (SP), stable single domain (SSD) ferrimagnetic grains and non-ferrimagnetic mineralswere present in relatively small amounts. Significant correlations between heavy metals and various magnetic parametersindicated a strong affinity of heavy metals to magnetic minerals hence pointed out the potential of magnetic properties for simpleand rapid proxy indications of heavy metal pollution in playground dust.