Toxaphene chemistry: separation and characterisation of selected enantiomers of the Polychloropinene mixtures

The primary goal for the study presented here was the preparation and characterisation of enantiomeric pure chlorobornane standards (Toxaphene). In this context, we partially modeled the procedure for Polychloropinene production in the former USSR. The initial reaction was ionic addition of hydrogen chloride to (1S)-alpha-pinene resulting predominantly in (1S)-2-endo-chlorobornane. Further photochlorination gave mixtures of chlorinated terpenes with different average content of Cl per molecule. The resulting mixtures were separated on a silica-gel column and a number of known hepta to decachlorobornanes were identified in fractions with the help of NMR and GC (using electron capture and mass spectrometric detection)--but in very unusual ratios as compared to the technical Toxaphene mixture formerly produced by Hercules (USA). Also several previously unknown congeners were isolated or detected. Three of the isolated congeners were obtained in crystalline state and X-ray crystallography showed their enantiomeric purity.     

教育性建筑物中的能源效率设计和可再生能源的利用:MEDUCA项目

MEDUCA(教育性建筑模式)项目包括7个国家的8个示范项目.这些项目分布在挪威的格龙(65°);瑞典的哥德堡(58°N);瑞典的Falkenberg(57°N);丹麦的巴勒鲁普(56°N);德国的新明斯特(54°N);西班牙的阿尔梅里亚(36°50'N);意大利的Bagheria(38°N);和希腊的Legraina(38°N).     

Application of a three-tier framework to assess ecological condition of Gulf of Mexico coastal wetlands

A multi-level coastal wetland assessment strategy was applied to wetlands in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) to evaluate the feasibility of this approach for a broad national scale wetland condition assessment (US Environmental Protection Agency’s National Wetlands Condition Assessment). Landscape-scale assessment indicators (tier 1) were developed and applied at the sub-watershed (12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC)) level within the GOM coastal wetland sample frame with scores calculated using land-use maps and geographic information system. Rapid assessment protocols (tier 2), using a combination of data analysis and field work, evaluated metrics associated with landscape context, hydrology, physical structure, and biological structure. Intensive site monitoring (tier 3) included measures of soil chemistry and composition, water column and pore-water chemistry, and dominant macrophyte community composition and tissue chemistry. Relationships within and among assessment levels were evaluated using multivariate analyses with few significant correlations found. More detailed measures of hydrology, soils, and macrophyte species composition from sites across a known condition gradient, in conjunction with validation of standardized rapid assessment method, may be necessary to fully characterize coastal wetlands across the region.