全文获取类型
收费全文 | 254篇 |
免费 | 3篇 |
国内免费 | 5篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 12篇 |
废物处理 | 9篇 |
环保管理 | 28篇 |
综合类 | 53篇 |
基础理论 | 48篇 |
污染及防治 | 84篇 |
评价与监测 | 13篇 |
社会与环境 | 14篇 |
灾害及防治 | 1篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 2篇 |
2022年 | 1篇 |
2021年 | 8篇 |
2020年 | 8篇 |
2019年 | 4篇 |
2018年 | 11篇 |
2017年 | 13篇 |
2016年 | 9篇 |
2015年 | 9篇 |
2014年 | 6篇 |
2013年 | 16篇 |
2012年 | 17篇 |
2011年 | 19篇 |
2010年 | 15篇 |
2009年 | 14篇 |
2008年 | 14篇 |
2007年 | 21篇 |
2006年 | 8篇 |
2005年 | 15篇 |
2004年 | 8篇 |
2003年 | 7篇 |
2002年 | 3篇 |
2001年 | 3篇 |
2000年 | 2篇 |
1999年 | 7篇 |
1998年 | 2篇 |
1997年 | 5篇 |
1995年 | 2篇 |
1994年 | 2篇 |
1993年 | 1篇 |
1992年 | 1篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1960年 | 1篇 |
1938年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有262条查询结果,搜索用时 109 毫秒
81.
Karin Wiench Wendel Wohlleben Volker Hisgen Kristin Radke Edward Salinas Sabine Zok Robert Landsiedel 《Chemosphere》2009,76(10):1356-1365
Among the emerging literature addressing the biological effects of nanoparticles, very little information exists, particularly on aquatic organisms, that evaluates nanoparticles in comparison to non-nanocounterparts. Therefore, the potential effects of nano-scale and non-nano-scale TiO2 and ZnO on the water flea, Daphnia magna, were examined in 48-h acute toxicity tests using three different test media, several pigment formulations – including coated nanoparticles – and a variety of preparation steps. In addition, a 21-d chronic Daphnia reproduction study was performed using coated TiO2 nanoparticles. Analytical ultracentrifugation analyses provided evidence that the nanoparticles were present in a wide range of differently sized aggregates in the tested dispersions. While no pronounced effects on D. magna were observed for nano-scale and non-nano-scale TiO2 pigments in 19 of 25 acute (48-h) toxicity tests (EC50 > 100 mg L−1), six acute tests with both nano- and non-nano-scale TiO2 pigments showed slight effects (EC10, 0.5–91.2 mg L−1). For the nano-scale and non-nano-scale ZnO pigments, the acute 48-h EC50 values were close to the 1 mg L−1 level, which is within the reported range of zinc toxicity to Daphnia. In general, the toxicity in the acute tests was independent of particle size (non-nano-scale or nano-scale), coating of particles, aggregation of particles, the type of medium or the applied pre-treatment of the test dispersions. The chronic Daphnia test with coated TiO2 nanoparticles demonstrated that reproduction was a more sensitive endpoint than adult mortality. After 21 d, the NOEC for adult mortality was 30 mg L−1 and the NOEC for offspring production was 3 mg L−1. The 21-d EC10 and EC50 values for reproductive effects were 5 and 26.6 mg L−1, respectively. This study demonstrates the utility of evaluating nanoparticle effects relative to non-nano-scale counterparts and presents the first report of chronic exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles in D. magna. 相似文献
82.
Climate and land-use changes affecting river sediment and brown trout in alpine countries—a review 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Karin Scheurer Christine Alewell Dominik Bänninger Patricia Burkhardt-Holm 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(2):232-242
Background, aim, and scope
Catch decline of freshwater fish has been recorded in several countries. Among the possible causes, habitat change is discussed. This article focuses on potentially increased levels of fine sediments going to rivers and their effects on gravel-spawning brown trout. Indications of increased erosion rates are evident from land-use change in agriculture, changes in forest management practices, and from climate change. The latter induces an increase in air and river water temperatures, reduction in permafrost, changes in snow dynamics and an increase in heavy rain events. As a result, an increase in river sediment is likely. Suspended sediment may affect fish health and behaviour directly. Furthermore, sediment loads may clog gravel beds impeding fish such as brown trout from spawning and reducing recruitment rates. To assess the potential impact on fine sediments, knowledge of brown trout reproductive needs and the effects of sediment on brown trout health were evaluated.Approach
We critically reviewed the literature and included results from ongoing studies to answer the following questions, focusing on recent decades and rivers in alpine countries.Results
Rising air temperatures have led to more intensive precipitation in winter months, earlier snow melt in spring, and rising snow lines and hence to increased erosion. Intensification of land use has supported erosion in lowland and pre-alpine areas in the second half of the twentieth century. In the Alps, however, reforestation of abandoned land at high altitudes might reduce the erosion risk while intensification on the lower, more easily accessible slopes increases erosion risk. Data from laboratory experiments show that suspended sediments affect the health and behaviour of fish when available in high amounts. Point measurements in large rivers indicate no common lethal threat and suspended sediment is rarely measured continuously in small rivers. However, effects on fish can be expected under environmentally relevant conditions. River bed clogging impairs the reproductive performance of gravel-spawning fish.Discussion
Overall, higher erosion and increased levels of fine sediment going into rivers are expected in future. Additionally, sediment loads in rivers are suspected to have considerably impaired gravel bed structure and brown trout spawning is impeded. Timing of discharge is put forward and is now more likely to affect brown trout spawning than in previous decades.Conclusions
Reports on riverbed clogging from changes in erosion and fine sediment deposition patterns, caused by climate change and land-use change are rare. This review identifies both a risk of increases in climate erosive forces and fine sediment loads in rivers of alpine countries. Increased river discharge and sediment loads in winter and early spring could be especially harmful for brown trout reproduction and development of young life stages. Recently published studies indicate a decline in trout reproduction from riverbed clogging in many rivers in lowlands and alpine regions. However, the multitude of factors in natural complex ecosystems makes it difficult to address a single causative factor.Recommendations and perspectives
Further investigations into the consequences of climate change and land-use change on river systems are needed. Small rivers, of high importance for the recruitment of gravel-spawning fish, are often neglected. Studies on river bed clogging are rare and the few existing studies are not comparable. Thus, there is a strong need for the development of methods to assess sediment input and river bed clogging. As well, studies on the effects to fish from suspended sediments and consequences of gravel beds clogging under natural conditions are urgently needed. 相似文献83.
Kristina L. Sundqvist Mats Tysklind Ingemar Cato Anders Bignert Karin Wiberg 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(4):396-409
Background, aim, and scope The primary aim of this study was to explore the variations in PCDD/F levels and homologue profiles of Baltic surface sediments
by comprehensively analyzing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in samples from a large number of sites, encompassing not only previously
known hotspot areas, but also sites near other potential PCDD/F sources, in pristine reference areas (in which there was no
industrial activity) and offshore sites.
Materials and methods Surface sediment samples (146 in total) were collected at various points along the Swedish coast and offshore areas. In addition,
bulk deposition was sampled, monthly, at a single site in northern Sweden during 1 year. The concentrations of tetra- through octa-substituted CDD/Fs were determined in both matrices.
Results Highly elevated concentrations of PCDD/Fs were found at many sites in coastal areas and concentrations were also slightly
elevated in some offshore areas. Homologue profiles varied substantially amongst samples from coastal sites, while those from
offshore and other pristine sediments were relatively similar. The offshore sediments showed different profiles from those
observed in the deposition samples. Sediment levels of PCDD/Fs were not generally significantly correlated to organic carbon
levels, except in some pristine areas. Comparison of data obtained in this and previous studies suggest that both their levels
and profiles are similar today to those observed 20 years ago in coastal and offshore areas. The only detected trend is that
their levels appear to have decreased slightly in the offshore area of the Bothnian Sea.
Discussion The localization of hotspot areas along the coast, the lack of consensus between PCDD/F profiles of sediments and general
background, and their weak correlations with organic carbon suggest that PCDD/Fs in the study area largely originate from
local/regional emissions. However, due to complicating factors such as sediment dynamics and land upheaval, it is not possible
to conclude whether these pollutants derive from recent emissions or from a combination of recent emissions and re-distribution
of previous inputs.
Conclusions The results show that: elevated levels of PCDD/Fs are present in both coastal and offshore areas of the Baltic Sea, the major
hotspots are close to the shore, and there are large variations in profiles, indicating that local emissions are (or have
been) the major causes of pollution.
Recommendations and perspectives In order to identify other hotspot areas and trace sources, comprehensive analysis of PCDD/Fs in surface sediments is needed
in all areas of the Baltic Sea that have not been previously investigated. The high levels of PCDD/Fs observed in surface
sediments also indicate a need to elucidate whether they are due mainly to current emissions or a combination of recent pollution
and re-distribution of historically deposited pollutants. To do so, better understanding of sediment dynamics and present-day
inputs, such as riverine inputs, industrial effluents, and leakage from contaminated soil is required. There are indications
that contaminated sediments have a regional impact on fish contamination levels. However, as yet there is no statistically
robust evidence linking contaminated sediments with elevated levels in Baltic biota. It should also be noted that the Baltic
Sea is being massively invaded by the deep-burrowing polychaete Marenzielleria ssp., whose presence in sediments has been shown to increase water concentrations of hydrophobic pollutants. In awareness
of this, it is clear that high levels in sediments cannot be ignored in risk assessments. In order to investigate the emission
trends more thoroughly, analysis of PCDD/Fs in offshore sediment cores throughout the Baltic Sea is also recommended.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
84.
Robert Gifford Leila Scannell Christine Kormos Lidia Smolova Anders Biel Stefan Boncu Victor Corral Hartmut Güntherf Kazunori Hanyu Donald Hine Florian G. Kaiser Kalevi Korpela Luisa Marie Lima Angela G. Mertig Ricardo Garcia Mira Gabriel Moser Paola Passafaro José Q. Pinheiro Sunil Saini Toshihiko Sako Elena Sautkina Yannick Savina Peter Schmuck Wesley Schultz Karin Sobeck Eva-Lotta Sundblad David Uzzell 《Journal of environmental psychology》2009
The personal assessments of the current and expected future state of the environment by 3232 community respondents in 18 nations were investigated at the local, national, and global spatial levels. These assessments were compared to a ranking of each country's environmental quality by an expert panel. Temporal pessimism (“things will get worse”) was found in the assessments at all three spatial levels. Spatial optimism bias (“things are better here than there”) was found in the assessments of current environmental conditions in 15 of 18 countries, but not in the assessments of the future. All countries except one exhibited temporal pessimism, but significant differences between them were common. Evaluations of current environmental conditions also differed by country. Citizens' assessments of current conditions, and the degree of comparative optimism, were strongly correlated with the expert panel's assessments of national environmental quality. Aside from the value of understanding global trends in environmental assessments, the results have important implications for environmental policy and risk management strategies. 相似文献
85.
Ton Snelder Anthony Lehmann Nicolas Lamouroux John Leathwick Karin Allenbach 《Environmental management》2009,44(4):658-670
Numerical clustering has frequently been used to define hierarchically organized ecological regionalizations, but there has
been little robust evaluation of their performance (i.e., the degree to which regions discriminate areas with similar ecological
character). In this study we investigated the effect of the weighting and treatment of input variables on the performance
of regionalizations defined by agglomerative clustering across a range of hierarchical levels. For this purpose, we developed
three ecological regionalizations of Switzerland of increasing complexity using agglomerative clustering. Environmental data
for our analysis were drawn from a 400 m grid and consisted of estimates of 11 environmental variables for each grid cell
describing climate, topography and lithology. Regionalization 1 was defined from the environmental variables which were given
equal weights. We used the same variables in Regionalization 2 but weighted and transformed them on the basis of a dissimilarity
model that was fitted to land cover composition data derived for a random sample of cells from interpretation of aerial photographs.
Regionalization 3 was a further two-stage development of Regionalization 2 where specific classifications, also weighted and
transformed using dissimilarity models, were applied to 25 small scale “sub-domains” defined by Regionalization 2. Performance
was assessed in terms of the discrimination of land cover composition for an independent set of sites using classification
strength (CS), which measured the similarity of land cover composition within classes and the dissimilarity between classes.
Regionalization 2 performed significantly better than Regionalization 1, but the largest gains in performance, compared to
Regionalization 1, occurred at coarse hierarchical levels (i.e., CS did not increase significantly beyond the 25-region level).
Regionalization 3 performed better than Regionalization 2 beyond the 25-region level and CS values continued to increase to
the 95-region level. The results show that the performance of regionalizations defined by agglomerative clustering are sensitive
to variable weighting and transformation. We conclude that large gains in performance can be achieved by training classifications
using dissimilarity models. However, these gains are restricted to a narrow range of hierarchical levels because agglomerative
clustering is unable to represent the variation in importance of variables at different spatial scales. We suggest that further
advances in the numerical definition of hierarchically organized ecological regionalizations will be possible with techniques
developed in the field of statistical modeling of the distribution of community composition. 相似文献
86.
Luke P. Shoo Julian O’Mara Karin Perhans Jonathan R. Rhodes Rebecca K. Runting Susanne Schmidt Lochran W. Traill Lui C. Weber Kerrie A. Wilson Catherine E. Lovelock 《Regional Environmental Change》2014,14(2):435-447
While many scientific assessments have been recommending general strategies for biodiversity conservation under climate change, translation of these recommendations into specific actions and practice has been limited. Focusing on two biomes, rainforest and wetlands in biodiverse South East Queensland, Australia, we demonstrate how general principles can be translated into specific actions for stakeholders and responsible agencies. We synthesize research that is contextualizing protection of refugia and habitat connectivity, establishing baseline data sets to detect change and developing strategic conservation planning scenarios to adjust reserve boundaries or situate new reserves. This has been achieved by coupling spatial information on biological assets (i.e. ecosystems and species) with future climate scenarios and process models to anticipate movement of critical habitats. Conservation planning software is also being used to prioritize investment to meet specific objectives. This approach is enabling us to identify at-risk biological assets, opportunities to ameliorate threats and obstacles to delivering regional adaptation actions. A larger total reserved area is needed, with proactive planning to capture areas further inland and along watercourses. Major obstacles include conflict between urbanization and priorities for habitat conservation and the need for greater levels of investment for monitoring programmes and to protect landward shifted wetlands on private land. 相似文献
87.
Epperson D Lev-On M Taback H Siegell J Ritter K 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2007,57(9):1050-1060
Controlling fugitive emissions from leaks in petrochemical industry process equipment now requires periodic monitoring of valves, flanges, pumps etc., typically on a quarterly basis. Previous studies have shown that over 90% of the reducible emissions come from approximately 0.1% of the components, i.e. the large leakers. A new, and more cost-effective approach for controlling these large leakers would entail more frequent monitoring of process equipment, allowing for the detection and repair of the highly leaking components that contribute the most to emissions. This approach has been called "Smart LDAR." New optical imaging instruments, which significantly reduce monitoring costs, are now available to implement such an alternative work practice. This work describes the determination of the leak detection sensitivity (equivalency threshold) that an optical imaging instrument must achieve to ensure that it will provide at least the equivalent emission control of the current leak detection and repair practice. Equivalency thresholds were developed for various monitoring intervals. The U.S. Environment Protection Agency's Monte Carlo simulation approach was used to perform the analysis and to demonstrate that optical imaging, which is capable of identifying all of the largest leakers, can provide better control of fugitive emissions. 相似文献
88.
Spatial variation in concentrations and patterns of the PCDD/F and dioxin-like-PCB content in herring from the northern Baltic Sea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bignert A Nyberg E Sundqvist KL Wiberg K 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(6):550-556
The purpose of the current study was to investigate spatial and seasonal variation of dioxin and dioxin-like PCB (dl-PCB) content in herring sampled along the northern Baltic Sea coast and map out risk zones for dioxins and dl-PCBs. We further aimed to investigate relationships between congener distribution (pattern) and sampling location and season. The results showed that there were distinct geographical differences in concentrations of dioxins, dibenzofurans and dl-PCBs along the Swedish coast, from the Bothnian Bay to north Baltic Proper, with the highest levels detected in the southern Bothnian Sea. The majority of the locations showed concentrations above the prescribed maximum for dioxin residues (4 TEQ pg g(-1) wet weight [w.w.]). If all the edible parts of the fish (muscle, subcutaneous fat and skin) are considered, the estimated concentrations exceeded the prescribed maximum level in the whole study area for herring collected during spring-summer. Concentrations in herring caught during spring-summer compared to concentrations in herring sampled in the autumn indicated seasonal variation. The pattern analysis showed a variation in relative congener concentration at the different sampling locations (spring-summer). Pattern differences were also noticed between seasons. 相似文献
89.
Colomb A Yassaa N Williams J Peeken I Lochte K 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2008,10(3):325-330
Five marine cosmopolitan phytoplankton species namely; Calcidiscus leptoporus, Emiliania huxleyi, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Chaetoceros neogracilis and Dunaliella tertiolecta were screened for emissions of selected VOCs using head space gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) in single ion mode. The VOCs investigated included isoprene and various halogenated compounds. Among the different algae groups, the two diatoms Ch. neogracilis and P. tricornutum were the strongest emitters of methyl bromide (CH3Br), and Ch. neogracilis was the strongest emitter of isoprene. Furthermore, we present evidence that several chlorinated organic compounds, normally considered as anthropogenic, can be produced from marine phytoplankton (namely chloroform, dichloromethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene). 相似文献
90.
Phillip Okoth Raburu Frank Onderi Masese Karin S. Tonderski 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2017,189(2):79
Wastewater discharge from sugarcane processing is a significant pollutant of tropical aquatic ecosystems. For most developing countries, monitoring of the level of pollutants is done mostly through chemical analysis, but this does not reflect potential impacts on aquatic assemblages. In addition, laboratory facilities for accurate concentration measurements are often not available for regular monitoring programs. In this study, we investigated the use of benthic macroinvertebrates for biological monitoring in western Kenya. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled in stabilization ponds treating wastewater from sugarcane- and molasses-based processing plants to assess their composition and abundance in relation to different concentrations of chemical variables. Optimum concentrations and tolerance values were identified for various taxa, and a biotic index was developed that combined tolerance values (ranked between 0 and 10) for the various macroinvertebrate taxa. A succession in composition and distribution of macroinvertebrate taxa was observed from the inlet to the outlet of the pond systems. Diptera dominated in the first ponds that had high concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and nutrients, while intolerant Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) appeared as the concentrations dropped in subsequent ponds. The effluent quality was classified as “good,” “fair,” and “poor,” corresponding with biotic index value ranges 0–3.50, 3.51–6.50, and 6.51–10, respectively. During validation, the index grouped sites with respect to levels of measured environmental variables. The study revealed that the developed biotic index would help in monitoring the quality of sugarcane processing and molasses effluents before release into recipient aquatic ecosystems, replacing the need for costly chemical analyses. 相似文献