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41.
42.
Katharina Rogalla von Bieberstein Elsa Sattout Mads Christensen Balakrishna Pisupati Neil D. Burgess Jerry Harrison Jonas Geldmann 《Conservation biology》2019,33(4):821-831
Eight conventions make up the biodiversity cluster of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) that provide the critical international legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of nature. However, concerns about the rate of implementation of the conventions at the national level have triggered discussions about the effectiveness of these MEAs in halting the loss of biodiversity. Two main concerns have emerged: lack of capacity and resources and lack of coherence in implementing multiple conventions. We focused on the latter and considered the mechanisms by which international conventions are translated into national policy. Specifically, we examined how the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and the associated Aichi Biodiversity Targets have functioned as a unifying grand plan for biodiversity conservation. This strategic plan has been used to coordinate and align targets to promote and enable more effective implementation across all biodiversity-related conventions. Results of a survey of 139 key stakeholders from 88 countries suggests streamlining across ministries and agencies, improved coordination mechanisms with all relevant stakeholders, and better knowledge sharing between conventions could improve cooperation among biodiversity-related conventions. The roadmap for improving synergies among conventions agreed to at the 13th Convention on Biological Diversity's Conference of Parties in 2016 includes actions such as mechanisms to avoid duplication in national reporting and monitoring on conventions and capacity building related to information and knowledge sharing. We suggest the scientific community can actively engage and contribute to the policy process by establishing a science-policy platform to address knowledge gaps; improving data gathering, reporting, and monitoring; developing indicators that adequately support implementation of national plans and strategies; and providing evidence-based recommendations to policy makers. The latter will be particularly important as 2020 approaches and work to develop a new biodiversity agenda for the next decade is beginning. 相似文献
43.
König HJ Sghaier M Schuler J Abdeladhim M Helming K Tonneau JP Ounalli N Imbernon J Morris J Wiggering H 《Environmental management》2012,50(1):153-165
Environmental threats and progressive degradation of natural resources are considered critical impediments to sustainable development. This paper reports on a participatory impact assessment of alternative soil and water conservation (SWC) scenarios in the Oum Zessar watershed, Tunisia. The first objective was to assess the impact of three SWC scenarios on key social, economic and environmental land use functions. The second objective was to test and evaluate the applicability of the 'Framework for Participatory Impact Assessment (FoPIA)' for assessing scenario impacts in the context of a developing country, in this case Tunisia. The assessed scenarios included: the originally planned SWC policy implementation at 85 % coverage of arable land of the watershed, the current implementation (70 %), and a hypothetical expansion of SWC measures to the entire watershed (100 %). Our results suggest that implementation of the SWC policy at 100 % coverage of arable land achieves the maximum socioeconomic benefit. However, if stakeholders' preferences regarding land use functions are taken into account, and considering the fact that the implementation of SWC measures also implies some negative changes to traditional landscapes and the natural system, SWC implementation at 85 % coverage of arable land might be preferable. The FoPIA approved to be a useful tool for conducting a holistic sustainability impact assessment of SWC scenarios and for studying the most intriguing sustainability problems while providing possible recommendations towards sustainable development. We conclude that participatory impact assessment contributes to an enhanced regional understanding of key linkages between policy effects and sustainable development, which provides the foundation for improved policy decision making. 相似文献
44.
Ena Smidt Katharina Meissl Johannes Tintner Franz Ottner 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2010,8(3):217-222
Quantification of carbonate contents in fresh and weathered municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash was performed
using volumetric and gravimetric methods, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermal analysis. Results differ
considerably depending on the method applied. Volumetric measurement and thermogravimetry (TG) are based on the determination
of CO2 release by acid or thermal treatment, respectively. Interactions of CO2 with the mineral matrix and de novo synthesis of carbonates during thermal analysis were observed. In order to find out the
contribution of CO2 released from residual organic matter, an additional experiment was carried out to demonstrate how the material is affected
by the heating process in the course of thermal analysis. FT-IR spectroscopy as a non-destructive method seems to provide
the most reliable quantitative results. 相似文献
45.
Effects of methyl-, phenyl-, ethylmercury and mercurychlorid on immune cells of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Antje Kakuschke Elizabeth Valentine-Thon Sonja Fonfar Katharina Kramer Andreas Prange 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2009,21(12):1716-1721
Mercury (Hg) is present in the marine environment as a natural metal often enhanced through human activities. Depending on its
chemical form, Hg can cause a wide range of immunotoxic e ects. In this study, the influence of methyl-, ethyl- and phenylmercury as
well as mercurychloride on immune functions was evaluated. Two parameters of cellular immunity, proliferation and mRNA cytokine
expression of interleukin-2, -4, and transforming growth factor , were investigated in harbor seal lymphocytes after in vitro exposure
to Hg compounds. While all Hg compounds had a suppressive e ect on proliferation, di erences between juvenile and adult seals
were found. Lymphocytes from juveniles showed a higher susceptibility to the toxic e ect compared to lymphocytes from adults.
Furthermore, the degree of inhibition of proliferation varied among the four Hg compounds. The organic compounds seem to be
more immunotoxic than the inorganic compound. Finally, for the cytokine expression of methylmercury-incubated lymphocytes, timedependent
changes were observed, but no dose-dependency was found. Marine mammals of the North Sea are burdened with Hg, and
lymphocytes of harbor seals may be functionally impaired by this metal. The present in vitro study provides baseline information for
future studies on the immunotoxic e ects of Hg on cellular immunity of harbor seals. 相似文献
46.
Tobias Weil Katharina Hoffmann Johannes Kroiss Erhard Strohm Judith Korb 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(2):315-319
In social insects, it is assumed that signals of the queen inform nestmates about her reproductive status. Thus, workers forego
their own reproduction if the queen signals high fertility. In hemimetabolous termites, little is known about reproductive
inhibition, but evidence exists for a royal-pair control. Workers of lower termites exhibit a high developmental flexibility
and are potentially able to become reproductives, but the presence of a fertile reproductive restrains them from reaching
sexual maturity. The nature of this control, however, remains unknown. Here, we report on qualitative differences in cuticular
hydrocarbon profiles between queens and workers of the basal drywood termite Cryptotermes secundus. Queens were characterized by a shift to long-chained and branched hydrocarbons. Most remarkably, similar chemical patterns
are regarded as fertility cues of reproductives in social Hymenoptera. This might suggest that both groups of social insects
convergently evolved similar chemical signatures. The present study provides deeper insights into how termites might have
socially exploited these signatures from sexual communication in their cockroach-like ancestor.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
47.
Asian clam Corbicula fluminea, the amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus and the macrophyte Nuphar lutea were tested for investigating spatial and temporal variability in the bioavailability of tin and arsenic in the River Lippe, Germany. Samples were collected from September 2002 to May 2003 at a tin polluted site (source pollution) and a reference site. Additional screening sampling was carried out twice in April 2003 to test the extent of As and Sn concentration in periphyton (aufwuchs) samples. Accumulated Sn and As concentrations were measured with ICP-MS after sample processing (dissection, cryo-milling) and digestion. Quality control was performed by parallel analysis of three certified reference materials. Measurable As and Sn contents in plant tissues were only detectable in roots (below 30 microg kg(-1) and 20 microg kg(-1) for As and Sn, respectively). Homogenates from C. fluminea and D. villosus tissues showed site-dependent trace metal contents. Elevated bioavailability of Sn is present downstream of the sewage discharge of the world's biggest producer of tributyltin (TBT) at Luenen (northern Ruhr region). In comparison to C. fluminea, D. villosus shows higher concentrations of tin in samples from both sites. Arsenic concentrations in C. fluminea remain constant with increasing shell size, whereas tin shows a size-dependent accumulation. The results indicate that Corbicula fluminea and Dikerogammarus villosus are suitable passive biomonitoring organisms for Sn, but As levels might be actively regulated. The concentration of tin in the periphyton (aufwuchs) samples was found to be much higher in samples from a contaminated site (428 +/- 63 vs. 1949 +/- 226 microg kg(-1)). 相似文献
48.
Schaldach Rüdiger Meurer Katharina H. E. Jungkunst Hermann F. Nendel Claas Lakes Tobia Gollnow Florian Göpel Jan Boy Jens Guggenberger Georg Strey Robert Strey Simone Berger Thomas Gerold Gerhard Schönenberg Regine Böhner Jürgen Schindewolf Marcus Latynskiy Evgeny Hampf Anna Parker Phillip S. Sentelhas Paulo César 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(1):161-173
Regional Environmental Change - This article describes the design of a new model-based assessment framework to identify and analyse possible future trajectories of agricultural development and... 相似文献
49.
Katharina A M Engelhardt 《Ecological applications》2006,16(5):1808-1820
Reliably predicting the consequences of short- or long-term changes in the environment is important as anthropogenic pressures are increasingly stressing the world's ecosystems. One approach is to examine the manner in which biota respond to changes in the environment ("response traits") and how biota, in turn, affect ecosystem processes ("effect traits"). I compared the response and effect traits of four submersed aquatic macrophytes to understand how water level management may affect wetland plant populations and ecosystem processes. I measured resource properties (nutrients in sediment and water), non-resource properties (pH, alkalinity, sediment temperature, oxygen production), and biotic properties (periphyton biomass) in replicated outdoor monocultures of Stuckenia pectinata, Potamogeton nodosus, P. crispus, and Zannichellia palustris. After seven weeks, three of eight replicates of each species treatment were subjected to a temporary water draw-down that desiccated aboveground plant parts. The four species differed in their effects on ecosystem properties associated with nutrient uptake and photosynthetic activity. Shoot growth rate was negatively correlated with light transmittance to the sediment surface whereas root growth rate and root:shoot ratio were correlated with a species' ability to deplete nutrients in sediment interstitial water. Occupation of space in the water column was correlated with water alkalinity and pH and with sediment temperature. Root growth rate was related simultaneously to species effects on sediment nutrient dynamics and recovery of ecosystem properties after water draw-down. This suggests that this morphological trait may be used to predict the effects of environmental change on ecosystem functioning within the context of water level management. Expanding these analyses to more species, different environmental stressors, and across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems should enhance predictions of the complex effects of global environmental change on ecosystem functioning. 相似文献
50.
Orarat Wangpradit Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd Katharina Heitz Larry Robertson Peter S. Thorne Gregor Luthe 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(3):2128-2137
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) persist and accumulate in the ecosystem depending upon the degree of chlorination of the biphenyl rings. Airborne PCBs are especially susceptible to oxidative metabolism, yielding mono- and di-hydroxy metabolites. We have previously demonstrated that 4-chlorobiphenyl hydroquinones (4-CB-HQs) acted as cosubstrates for arachidonic acid metabolism by prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) and resulted in an increase of prostaglandin production in vitro. In the present study, we tested the capability of 4-CB-HQ to act as a co-substrate for PGHS catalysis in vivo. BQ and 4-CB-2′,5′-HQ were administered intratracheally to male Sprague-Dawley rats (2.5 μmol/kg body weight) using nanosized polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers as carriers. We found that 24 h post application, PGE2 metabolites in kidney of rats treated with 4-CB-2′,5′-HQ were significantly increased compared to the controls. The increase of PGE2 metabolites was correlated with increased alveolar macrophages in lung lavage fluid. The elevation of PGE2 synthesis is of great interest since it plays a crucial role in balancing homeostasis and inflammation where a chronic disturbance may increase risk of cancer. PAMAM dentrimers proved to be an effective transport medium and did not stimulate an inflammatory response themselves. 相似文献