基于风险沟通的城市居民应急宣教培训体系构建——以北京市海淀区为例

针对资源与需求不匹配的实践难题,依据风险感知与风险沟通理论,对城市居民应急宣教培训问题进行了研究。调查数据来自于北京市海淀区的1444份有效问卷。按照个性特征、灾害、社区等维度划分居民类型,在城市居民的风险感知、培训意愿和培训偏好三个方面开展分析。研究发现:城市居民风险感知状况存在差异、应急培训意愿强烈的参与意愿、应急培训偏好呈现复杂性。在此基础上提出应急宣教培训体系构建思路:一是从需求调研与专家库和师资库建设方面科学制定应急宣教培训计划;二是从组织机构、常态机制、内容体系、软硬件建设等方面开展标准化的应急宣教培训活动;三是适应社会化趋势创新应急宣教培训方式,适时开展政府购买服务,强化家庭教育和学校教育,并探索引入第三方机构测评等。     

三种观测标准的霾日与空气污染日对比分析

目前气象观测业务和空气污染分析中存在对霾日统计的分歧,甚至出现空气污染日无霾的现象,对霾观测标准的科学划分,显得非常重要和紧迫。利用2013—2015年廊坊市气象观测站能见度、相对湿度、霾人工观测资料和廊坊市环保局AQI、PM25浓度等气象环保资料,对目前观测业务和空气污染分析中常用的三种霾观测、统计方法进行了对比分析。分析发现:目前廊坊气象观测站所依据的记录霾天气现象的标准,与实际大气污染相趋甚远,不能反映实际的空气污染状况,建议国家及省级相关部门及早根据实际情况,更新霾观测标准,更好地为当前大气污染的防治工作提供客观依据。     

2013 — 2016年西安市臭氧时空变化特性与影响因素

臭氧污染主要是由前体物氮氧化物（NO_x）和挥发性有机物（VOC）的过量排放引起的,通过NO_x/?SO₂的比值可得知西安地区已经受到了光化学烟雾型污染的影响,大气中臭氧含量与NO_x的含量相关性较高;西安13个站点的8小时平均浓度分布变化大体可分为单峰变化和持续递减类型,浓度主要集中在0?—?90 μg???m^?3,不同站点臭氧含量相差较大;2013?—?2016年,高新西区臭氧超标天数最多,为146天,是超标天数最少的兴庆小区的2倍多。高浓度臭氧主要出现在高温度、低湿度、实时风向为东南风或南风的天气。此外,治理臭氧污染必须限制机动车尾气排放,同时研究表明来自秦岭的植物VOC对于西安臭氧浓度影响很大。     

土壤及土壤矿物对类胡敏酸的吸附解吸及其影响因素研究

应用平衡吸附法,研究了不同pH值、离子强度、类胡敏酸浓度和接触时间条件下,黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对类胡敏酸(HLA)的吸附作用.结果表明:随着HLA浓度的增加,土壤及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附量增加.黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附等温线均为L型,其吸附不可逆性表现为白浆土＞蒙脱石＞黑土.通过Langmiur方程计算,蒙脱石、白浆土对HLA达到吸附平衡时的最大吸附量分别为764.7、790.3 mg·g-1,而黑土为35.27 mg·g-1.Freundlich方程可以很好地描述白浆土、蒙脱石对HLA的吸附和解吸等温线,而Temkin方程可以很好地描述黑土对HLA的吸附和解吸等温线.同时,3种材料的吸附自由能△G°＜0,吸附热Qm ＞0,表明其对HLA的吸附是自发的、放热的过程.随着pH的升高,黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附量减少;随离子强度的增加,黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附量增大.黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附动力学过程划分为快反应和慢反应阶段,其中,蒙脱石、白浆土对HLA的吸附动力学过程用一级动力学方程拟合的效果最好,而对黑土而言,用Elovich方程描述更合适.     

电子供体对地下水中高氯酸盐生物去除的影响研究

通过静态实验,考察了电子供体类型及用量对厌氧条件下微生物去除地下水中高氯酸盐的影响.结果表明,电子供体醋酸盐和H₂的加入,可以明显提高ClO₄^-的去除率,驯化后的微生物去除ClO₄^-的速率比未加入电子供体时提高约1.4~3倍.Monod动态模型能很好地拟合两种电子供体环境下ClO₄^-的微生物去除过程,分别以醋酸盐和H₂作为电子供体时,基质半饱和常数K_s为12.6 mg·L^-1和2.2 mg·L^-1,最大比基质消耗速率V_m为0.45 d^-1和0.08 d^-1.动力学参数表明,本实验条件下,异养型混合菌去除ClO₄^-的效果明显优于自养型混合菌;在少数受高浓度ClO₄^-污染的地下水环境中,为了提高ClO₄^-的去除速率只有通过增加菌体浓度或提高微生物酶的活性来实现.随着电子供体醋酸盐用量增加,ClO₄^-的(比)消耗速率逐渐增大.当初始CH₃COO^-与ClO₄^-的比例为3.80 mg(COD)/mg(ClO₄^-)时,比消耗速率v最大(0.27 d^-1).     

碳源对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能影响的试验研究

分别研究了无机碳源和有机碳源对厌氧氨氧化反应脱氮性能的影响。接种稳定运行的复合式UASB厌氧氨氧化反应器污泥至ASBR反应器进行批式试验,考察不同碳酸氢钠浓度及COD浓度条件下的氮素转化情况,研究碳源对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果的影响。厌氧氨氧化反应适宜的进水碳酸氢钠浓度为1.5～2.0 mg/L,超过30 mg/L时有机碳源的存在对厌氧氨氧化反应产生抑制作用,COD浓度超过60 mg/L时反应器表现出反硝化特性。无机碳源对厌氧氨氧化反应的影响表现在提供充足碳源和调节反应器pH的综合作用,较高浓度的COD对厌氧氨氧化反应具有抑制作用。     

Adsorption of lead on multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different outer diameters and oxygen contents: Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics

The effects of different outer diameters and surface oxygen contents on the adsorption of heavy metals onto six types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated in an aqueous solution and lead was chosen as a model metal ion. The results indicated that the percentage removal and adsorption capacity of lead remarkably increased with decreasing outer diameter due to larger specific surface area (SSA). The SSA-normalized maximum adsorption capacity (qm /SSA) and SSA-normalized adsorption coefficient (Kd /SSA) were strongly positively correlated with surface oxygen content, implying that lead adsorption onto MWCNTs significantly increases with the rise of oxygen content and decreases with decreasing SSA. The calculated thermodynamic parameters indicated that adsorption of lead on MWCNTs was endothermic and spontaneous. When the oxygen content of MWCNTs increased from 2.0% to 5.9%, the standard free energy (△ G0 ) became more negative, which implied that the oxygenated functional groups increased the adsorption affinity of MWCNTs for lead. Through calculation of enthalpy (△ H0 ), G0 and free energy of adsorption (Ea ), lead adsorption onto MWCNTs was recognized as a chemisorption process. The chemical interaction between lead and the phenolic groups of MWCNTs could be one of the main adsorption mechanisms due to highly positive correlations between the phenolic groups and K d /SSA or q m /SSA.     

Sulfur speciation and bioaccumulation in camphor tree leaves as atmospheric sulfur indicator analyzed by synchrotron radiation XRF and XANES

Analyzing and understanding the effects of ambient pollution on plants is getting more and more attention as a topic of environmental biology.A method based on synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy was established to analyze the sulfur concentration and speciation in mature camphor tree leaves (CTLs),which were sampled from 5 local fields in Shanghai,China.Annual SO2 concentration,SO42-concentration in atmospheric particulate,SO42-and sulfur concentration in soil were also analyzed to explore the relationship between ambient sulfur sources and the sulfur nutrient cycling in CTLs.Total sulfur concentration in mature camphor tree leaves was 766-1704 mg/kg.The mainly detected sulfur states and their corresponding compounds were +6 (sulfate,include inorganic sulfate and organic sulfate),+5.2 (sulfonate),+2.2 (suloxides),+0.6 (thiols and thiothers),+0.2 (organic sulfides).Total sulfur concentration was strongly correlated with sulfate proportion with a linear correlation coefficient up to 0.977,which suggested that sulfur accumulated in CTLs as sulfate form.Reduced sulfur compounds (organic sulfides,thiols,thioethers,sulfoxide and sulfonate) assimilation was sufficed to meet the nutrient requirement for growth at a balanced level around 526 mg/kg.The sulfate accumulation mainly caused by atmospheric sulfur pollution such as SO2 and airborne sulfate particulate instead of soil contamination.From urban to suburb place,sulfate in mature CTLs decreased as the atmospheric sulfur pollution reduced,but a dramatic increase presented near the seashore,where the marine sulfate emission and maritime activity pollution were significant.The sulfur concentration and speciation in mature CTLs effectively represented the long-term biological accumulation of atmospheric sulfur pollution in local environment.     

Factors influencing the contents of metals and As in soils around the watershed of Guanting Reservoir, China

Topsoil samples from 61 sites around the Guanting Reservoir,China,were measured for Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As concentrations.The mean concentrations of Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As were 16.8,59.4,37.8,18.3,0.32,20.1 and 8.67 mg/kg dry weight,respectively.Factors that influence the dynamics of these metals in soils around the watersheds of Beijing reservoirs were examined.The influence of atmospheric deposition,land use,soil texture,soil type and soil chemical parameters on metal contents in soils was investigated.Atmospheric deposition,land use and soil texture were the important factors affecting heavy metal residues.Soil type and soil chemical parameters were also involved in heavy metal retention in soils.The data provided in this study are considered crucial for reservoir remediation,especially since the Guanting Reservoir will serve as one of the main drinking water sources for Beijing in the foreseeable future.     

Occurrence and distribution of hexabromocyclododecane in sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China

The concentrations and geographical distribution of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were investigated in 37 composite surface sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China, including Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Tarim River and Ertix River. The detection frequency of HBCD was 54%, with the concentrations ranged from below limit of detection (LOD) to 206 ng/g dry weight. In general, the geographical distribution showed increasing trends from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of the rivers and from North China to Southeast China. Compared to other regions in the world, the average concentration of HBCD in sediments from Yangtze River drainage basin was at relatively high level, whereas those from other six river drainage basins were at lower or similar level. The highest HBCD concentration in sediment from Yangtze River Delta and the highest detection frequency of HBCD in Pearl River drainage basins suggested that the industrial and urban activities could evidently affect the HBCD distribution. HBCD diastereoisomer profiles showed that γ-HBCD dominated in most of the sediment samples, followed by α- and β-HBCD, which was consistent with those in the commercial HBCD mixtures. Further risk assessment reflected that the average inventories of HBCD were 18.3, 5.87, 3.92, 2.50, 1.77 ng/cm 2 in sediments from Pearl River, Haihe River, Tarim River, Yellow River and Yangtze River, respectively.