The Impact of the Extreme Amazonian Flood Season on the Incidence of Viral Gastroenteritis Cases

During the Amazonian flood season in 2012, the Negro River reached its highest level in 110 years, submerging residential and commercial areas which appeared associated with an elevation in the observed gastroenteritis cases in the city of Manaus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological water quality of the Negro River basin during this extreme flood to investigate this apparent association between the illness cases and the population exposed to the contaminated waters. Forty water samples were collected and analysed for classic and emerging enteric viruses. Human adenoviruses, group A rotaviruses and genogroup II noroviruses were detected in 100, 77.5 and 27.5% of the samples, respectively, in concentrations of 10³–10⁶ GC/L. All samples were compliant with local bacteriological standards. HAdV2 and 41 and RVA G2, P[6], and P[8] were characterised. Astroviruses, sapoviruses, genogroup IV noroviruses, klasseviruses, bocaviruses and aichiviruses were not detected. Statistical analyses showed correlations between river stage level and reported gastroenteritis cases and, also, significant differences between virus concentrations during this extreme event when compared with normal dry seasons and previous flood seasons of the Negro River. These findings suggest an association between the extreme flood experienced and gastrointestinal cases in the affected areas providing circumstantial evidence of causality between the elevations in enteric viruses in surface waters and reported illness.     

A rapid and quantitative mass spectrometry method for determining the concentration of acylcarnitines and aminoacids in amniotic fluid

We describe a quantitative, rapid, sensitive and reproducible tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) method for the one-step detection of aminoacid (AAs) and acylcarnitine (ACs) concentrations in amniotic fluid. This technology is quicker and more sensitive than other methods used to date since it is possible to determine very low AA and AC concentrations in samples simultaneously in a single run. The high degree of automation allows a large number of pregnancies to be screened for metabolic defects in a very short time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental analysis of selective laser sintering of polyamide powders: an energy perspective

This paper presents an analysis of Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) from an energy standpoint. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) has a potential as an environmental benign alternative to traditional processes but only few authors deal with the process optimisation including energy aspects. In the present paper an analysis of the energetic aspect of SLS is proposed. In addition, with respect to the classical technological parameters (resolution, productivity) attention is paid to energetic elements (energetic productivity, laser parameters) showing how the perspective of a sensible development of such a kind of technology could be beneficial not only from a technological point of view, but also for energy saving in a lot of manufacturing fields. A polyamide powder is the material tested to acquire some characteristics data of the process. It is shown that the Volumetric Energy Intensity (VEI) of the process in optimal condition could be of the order of 0.2 J for each mm³ of material agglomerated.     

Contamination of different portions of raw and boiled specimens of Norway lobster by mercury and selenium

The aim of this study was to evaluate mercury and selenium distribution in different portions (exoskeleton, white meat and brown meat) of Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). Some samples were also analysed as whole specimens. The same portions were also examined after boiling, in order to observe if this cooking practice could affect mercury and selenium concentrations. The highest mercury concentrations were detected in white meat, exceeding in all cases the maximum levels established by European legislation. The brown meat reported the highest selenium concentrations. In all boiled samples, mercury levels showed a statistically significant increase compared to raw portions. On the contrary, selenium concentrations detected in boiled samples of white meat, brown meat and whole specimen showed a statistically significant decrease compared to the corresponding raw samples. These results indicate that boiling modifies mercury and selenium concentrations. The high mercury levels detected represent a possible risk for consumers, and the publication and diffusion of specific advisories concerning seafood consumption is recommended.     

A Reassessment of Homozygosity and the Case for Inbreeding Depression in the Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus: Implications for Conservation

Preservation of genetic diversity within declining populations of endangered species is a major concern in the discipline of conservation biology. The endangered cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus , exhibits relatively little genetic variability (polymorphism = 0.02–0.04, heterozygosity = 0.0004–0.014). Since the discovery of the cheetah's relative homozygosity, this species has been frequently cited as an example of one whose survival may be compromised by the loss of genetic diversity. The cheetah's genetic uniformity is generally believed to be the result of an historical population bottle-neck followed by a high level of inbreeding. Evidence offered in support of this hypothesis includes the cheetah's present low level of genetic variability and symptoms of inbreeding depression in captive populations. Using available data on fluctuating asymmetry and genetic variation in other carnivores, I question the assumption that the present level of genetic diversity in the cheetah is indicative of a loss of former variability. Carnivores exhibit significantly lower levels of genetic variation than other mammals, and several carnivores for which data are available exhibit lower levels of heterozygosity and polymorphism than the cheetah does. Measures of fluctuating asymmetry do not support the hypothesis that the cheetah is suffering an increased level of bomozygosity due to genetic stress. Many of the phenotypic effects attributed to inbreeding depression, such as infertility, reduced litter sizes, and increased susceptibility to disease, are limited to captive individuals and may be explained as physiological or behavioral artifacts of captivity. In sum, the genetic constitution of the cheetah does not appear to compromise the survival of the species. Conservation efforts may be more effectively aimed at a real, immediate threat to the cheetah's future: the loss of its natural habitat.     

Adaptation to climate change and other stressors among commercial and small-scale South African farmers

Commercial and small-scale farmers in South Africa are exposed to many challenges. Interviews with 44 farmers in the upper Thukela basin, KwaZulu-Natal, were conducted to identify common and specific challenges for the two groups and adaptive strategies for dealing with the effects of climate and other stressors. This work was conducted as part of a larger participatory project with local stakeholders to develop a local adaptation plan for coping with climate variability and change. Although many challenges related to exposure to climate variability and change, weak agricultural policies, limited governmental support, and theft were common to both farming communities, their adaptive capacities were vastly different. Small-scale farmers were more vulnerable due to difficulties to finance the high input costs of improved seed varieties and implements, limited access to knowledge and agricultural techniques for water and soil conservation and limited customs of long-term planning. In addition to temperature and drought-related challenges, small-scale farmers were concerned about soil erosion, water logging and livestock diseases, challenges for which the commercial farmers already had efficient adaptation strategies in place. The major obstacle hindering commercial farmers with future planning was the lack of clear directives from the government, for example, with regard to issuing of water licences and land reform. Enabling agricultural communities to procure sustainable livelihoods requires implementation of strategies that address the common and specific challenges and strengthen the adaptive capacity of both commercial and small-scale farmers. Identified ways forward include knowledge transfer within and across farming communities, clear governmental directives and targeted locally adapted finance programmes.     

PCDD/F mass balance in the flue gas cleaning units of a MSW incineration plant

With the main purpose of evaluating PCDD/F presence and the corresponding mass balance over the emissions control system, an extensive study was performed on a municipal solid waste full scale incinerator equipped with a best available technology flue gas treatment line. Present paper reports the main results obtained, with particular reference to the PCDD/F concentration profiles and mass balances derived for every process unit of the flue gas control system. Total release evaluated for the plant is also outlined compared with data on PCDD/F content of raw waste and with reference values included in most recent guidelines.     

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and chlorinated pesticides in a cod liver oil reference material

A cod liver oil reference material, Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1588, which was issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 1989, has certified concentrations for five polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and ten chlorinated pesticides. Recently, this SRM has been extensively characterized by additional analyses at NIST and by analyses at the Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS) where the SRM was used as a control sample during routine analyses of wildlife tissue specimens. In this paper the results from NIST and CWS are compared and the concentrations for over 40 PCB congeners and 20 chlorinated hydrocarbons are reported.