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11.
This paper describes how energy policy can be evaluated in practice. The goal is to make policy makers aware of how an evaluation can be based on scientific principles and to help economists appreciate how an evaluation can be performed if strong empirical evidence is lacking. We have built a basic evaluation framework and have applied this to a selection of Dutch energy policy instruments, namely production subsidies and their complementary non-financial instrument, DEN-B. Our evaluation criterion was effectiveness, defined as the extent to which policy instruments contribute to achieving policy goals. The evaluation was based on existing ex post evaluations complemented by interviews and other available data. We conclude that production subsidies and DEN-B were (partly) effective. Furthermore, the Dutch government increased effectiveness by reconsidering the design of production subsidies. We also formulate lessons for future policy evaluations and energy markets policies. 相似文献
12.
Zita Sebesvari Fabrice G. Renaud Susanne Haas Zachary Tessler Michael Hagenlocher Julia Kloos Sylvia Szabo Alejandro Tejedor Claudia Kuenzer 《Sustainability Science》2016,11(4):575-590
The sustainability of deltas worldwide is under threat due to the consequences of global environmental change (including climate change) and human interventions in deltaic landscapes. Understanding these systems is becoming increasingly important to assess threats to and opportunities for long-term sustainable development. Here, we propose a simplified, yet inclusive social–ecological system (SES)-centered risk and vulnerability framework and a list of indicators proven to be useful in past delta assessments. In total, 236 indicators were identified through a structured review of peer-reviewed literature performed for three globally relevant deltas—the Mekong, the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna and the Amazon. These are meant to serve as a preliminary “library” of potential indicators to be used for future vulnerability assessments. Based on the reviewed studies, we identified disparities in the availability of indicators to populate some of the vulnerability domains of the proposed framework, as comprehensive social–ecological assessments were seldom implemented in the past. Even in assessments explicitly aiming to capture both the social and the ecological system, there were many more indicators for social susceptibility and coping/adaptive capacities as compared to those relevant for characterizing ecosystem susceptibility or robustness. Moreover, there is a lack of multi-hazard approaches accounting for the specific vulnerability profile of sub-delta areas. We advocate for more comprehensive, truly social–ecological assessments which respond to multi-hazard settings and recognize within-delta differences in vulnerability and risk. Such assessments could make use of the proposed framework and list of indicators as a starting point and amend it with new indicators that would allow capturing the complexity as well as the multi-hazard exposure in a typical delta SES. 相似文献
13.
Aishah S. A. K. Sharifah Hanafiah Zainal Abidin Mohamad R. Sulaiman Kheng H. Khoo Hairi Ali 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2008,10(2):116-123
Malaysia is in dire need of alternatives to landfilling for solid waste management. Recently, landfills have faced the problems
of overfilling, overflowing of leachates leading to pollution of water resources, and uncontrolled dust emissions adversely
affecting the local environment. With the rising cost of urbanization coupled with the high rate of waste generation, one
possible method of waste treatment that is receiving particular attention by the government is incineration. Incineration
of solid waste is rather new in Malaysia, with limited usage in handling small sources of waste generation such as the municipal
solid waste (MSW) of resort islands; however, its potential in ameliorating the problems associated with solid waste treatment
may make it an attractive alternative to landfill. This article presents the results of test runs conducted to investigate
the performance of a locally designed and manufactured rotary kiln incinerator (RKI). The test runs were conducted using MSW
collected from the Shah Alam municipality. The combustion efficiency was analyzed by looking at the temperature profiles and
chemical species concentrations. To complement the combustion characteristics measurements, predictions of the air flow in
the incinerator during the process were also investigated. The overall performance of the RKI suggests that it is suitable
for treating MSW. 相似文献
14.
Reiner Schroll Sabine Grundmann Ulrike Dörfler Bernhard Ruth Jean Charles Munch 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(2):209-216
Several lysimeter scenarios and approaches exist to study the fate of agro-chemicals or contaminants from deposition in soil
columns. In many systems just transport and leaching of the parent compound is followed, in some systems the leaching and
transport of the metabolites is investigated as well. In more sophisticated lysimeter systems the volatilization and also
the mineralization of the applied chemicals can be additionally monitored. Depending on the lysimeter system used and on the
fact whether the applied chemicals are 14C-labeled or not, different results and various interpretations of the results might be achieved. Different lysimeter systems
are described in this paper and a real dataset of a specific lysimeter experiment was transferred and evaluated in a virtual
approach in the different lysimeter systems in order to show the advantages and disadvantages of the various systems. 相似文献
15.
Bryce A. Mihalevich Jeffery S. Horsburgh Anthony A. Melcher 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2017,189(11):593
Stormwater runoff in urban areas can contribute high concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to receiving waters, potentially causing impairment to the aquatic ecosystem of urban streams and downstream water bodies. Compositional changes in DOM due to storm events in forested, agricultural, and urban landscapes have been well studied, but in situ sensors have not been widely applied to monitor stormwater contributions in urbanized areas, leaving the spatial and temporal characteristics of DOM within these systems poorly understood. We deployed fluorescent DOM (FDOM) sensors at upstream and downstream locations within a study reach to characterize the spatial and temporal changes in DOM quantity and sources within an urban water conveyance that receives stormwater runoff. Baseflow FDOM decreased over the summer season as seasonal flows upstream transported less DOM. FDOM fluctuated diurnally, the amplitude of which also declined as the summer season progressed. During storms, FDOM concentrations were rapidly elevated to values orders of magnitude greater than baseflow measurements, with greater concentrations at the downstream monitoring site, revealing high contributions from stormwater outfalls between the two locations. Observations from custom, in situ fluorometers resembled results obtained using laboratory methods for identifying DOM source material and indicated that DOM transitioned to a more microbially derived composition as the summer season progressed, while stormwater contributions contributed DOM from terrestrial sources. Deployment of a mobile sensing platform during varying flow conditions captured spatial changes in DOM concentration and composition and revealed contributions of DOM from outfalls during stormflows that would have otherwise been unobserved. 相似文献
16.
Karadag A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(3):1617-1632
This paper is a summary of a project changed into a book named by “Changing Environment, City and Identity in Soma with the
Geographical Evaluations” issued on May 2005. In this research, Soma, which is one of the most remarkable districts in Manisa
in the West Anatolia from the point of economical figures, is assessed with its physical environment potential, improving
economical activities and changing socio-economical structure. Owing to the open coal basins in the northeast and southwest
of the district where lignite is produced and the impact of the thermic power plant near the city centre, Soma has changed
on a large scale. This change has introduced some environmental problems into the district such as the devastation of the
forestry land; the infertility of farming land; and soil, water and air pollution. Even though the change under discussion
has led to many problems to deal with, it has also influenced its socio-economical structure to a large extent and revealed
new type of inhabitants having different life expectations and aims. In conclusion, in this article, changing environment
and city structure after lignite processing and thermic station establishment in Soma are discussed through the effective
geographical factors. The new city profile formed by the local dynamics in question is evaluated according to the data obtained
by the studies made in the neighbourhood. 相似文献
17.
Laura Eichelberger 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(33):32938-32951
Using a relational approach, I examine several cultural dimensions involved in household water access and use in Newtok, Alaska. I describe the patterns that emerge around domestic water access and use, as well as the subjective lived experiences of water insecurity including risk perceptions, and the daily work and hydro-social relationships involved in accessing water from various sources. I found that Newtok residents haul water in limited amounts from a multitude of sources, both treated and untreated, throughout the year. Household water access is tied to hydro-social relationships predicated on sharing and reciprocity, particularly when the primary treated water access point is unavailable. Older boys and young men are primarily responsible for hauling water, and this role appears to be important to male Yupik identity. Many interviewees described preferring to drink untreated water, a practice that appears related to cultural constructions of natural water sources as pure and self-purifying, as well as concerns about the safety of treated water. Concerns related to the health consequences of low water access appear to differ by gender and age, with women and elders expressing greater concern than men. These preliminary results point to the importance of understanding the cultural dimensions involved in household water access and use. I argue that institutional responses to water insecurity need to incorporate such cultural dimensions into solutions aimed at increasing household access to and use of water. 相似文献
18.
Robin Guibal Sophie Lissalde Julie Leblanc Karine Cleries Adeline Charriau Gaëlle Poulier Nicolas Mazzella Jean-Pierre Rebillard Yoann Brizard Gilles Guibaud 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(15):14280-14293
Two headwaters located in southwest France were monitored for 3 and 2 years (Auvézère and Aixette watershed, respectively) with two sampling strategies: grab and passive sampling with polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS). These watersheds are rural and characterized by agricultural areas with similar breeding practices, except that the Auvézère watershed contains apple production for agricultural diversification and the downstream portion of the Aixette watershed is in a peri-urban area. The agricultural activities of both are extensive, i.e., with limited supply of fertilizer and pesticides. The sampling strategies used here give specific information: grab samples for higher pesticide content and POCIS for contamination background noise and number of compounds found. Agricultural catchments in small headwater streams are characterized by a background noise of pesticide contamination in the range of 20–70 ng/L, but there may also be transient and high-peak pesticide contamination (2000–3000 ng/L) caused by rain events, poor use of pesticides, and/or the small size of the water body. This study demonstrates that between two specific runoff events, contamination was low; hence the importance of passive sampler use. While the peak pesticide concentrations seen here are a toxicity risk for aquatic life, the pesticide background noise of single compounds do not pose obvious acute nor chronic risks; however, this study did not consider the risk from synergistic “cocktail” effects. Proper tools and sampling strategies may link watershed activities (agricultural, non-agricultural) to pesticides detected in the water, and data from both grab and passive samples can contribute to discussions on environmental effects in headwaters, an area of great importance for biodiversity. 相似文献
19.
Minoo Tasbihi Kamila Kočí Ivana Troppová Miroslava Edelmannová Martin Reli Libor Čapek Reinhard Schomäcker 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(35):34903-34911
The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O was investigated using Cu/TiO2 photocatalysts in aqueous solution. For this purpose, Cu/TiO2 photocatalysts (with 0.2, 0.9, 2, 4, and 6 wt.% of Cu) have been synthesized via sol-gel method. The photocatalysts were extensively characterized by means of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), N2 physisorption (BET), XRD, UV-vis DRS, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, TEM-EDX, and photoelectrochemical measurements. The as-prepared photocatalysts contain anatase as a major crystalline phase with a crystallite size around 13 nm. By increasing the amount of Cu, specific surface area and band gap energy decreased in addition to the formation of large agglomeration of CuO. Results revealed that the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 decreased in the presence of Cu/TiO2 in comparison to pure TiO2, which might be associated to the formation of CuO phase acting as a recombination center of generated electron-hole pair. Decreasing of photoactivity can also be connected with a very low position of conduction band of photocatalysts with high Cu content, which makes H2 production necessary for CO2 reduction more difficult. 相似文献
20.
William D. Klaren David Vine Stefan Vogt Larry W. Robertson 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(17):16427-16433
Animal studies show that exposure to the environmental pollutant 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) causes alterations in hepatic metals as measured in acid-digested volume-adjusted tissue. These studies lack the detail of the spatial distribution within the liver. Here we use X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) to assess the spatial distribution of trace elements within liver tissue. Liver samples from male Sprague Dawley rats, treated either with vehicle or PCB126, were formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. Serial sections were prepared for traditional H&E staining or placed on silicon nitride windows for XFM. With XFM, metal gradients between the portal triad and the central vein were seen, especially with copper and iron. These gradients change with exposure to PCB126, even reverse. This is the first report of how micronutrients vary spatially within the liver and how they change in response to toxicant exposure. In addition, high concentrations of zinc clusters were discovered in the extracellular space. PCB126 treatment did not affect their presence, but did alter their elemental makeup suggesting a more general biological function. Further work is needed to properly evaluate the gradients and their alterations as well as classify the zinc clusters to determine their role in liver function and zinc homeostasis. 相似文献