赤泥及粉煤灰处理磷石膏堆场废水的方案筛选及评价

采用L9（3^4）的正交设计法,以可溶性正磷酸盐下降率及pH值上升率为评定指标,对赤泥及粉煤灰处理磷石膏堆场废水的优化方案进行筛选。实验结果表明,降低可溶性磷酸盐含量的最佳方案为赤泥1．60g,粉煤灰0．80g,水样100ml,时间4d。提高pH的最佳方案为赤泥1．60g,粉煤灰0．40g,水样100ml,时间3d。     

磁化率特征揭示出的昆玉高速公路跑马山段土壤重金属污染状况

利用环境磁学的手段对昆玉高速公路跑马山段左右两侧表层土壤进行监测,发现高速公路两侧表土磁化率（Xlf）有向公路增加的趋势,其中距离公路20m以内的地带这种趋势最为明显。频率磁化率（Xfd％）分析表明,磁化率值向高速公路增大趋势与成壤作用形成的超顺磁颗粒（SP）无关,预示着土壤受到了污染,而距离公路20m的地带污染最为明显。     

协议保护：调和自然保护区保护与发展矛盾的新模式

中国是最早批准生物多样性公约的国家之一,自然保护区制度建立对我国生物多样性保护起到了重要作用。经过几十年的发展,中国已经建立起了种类较齐全,覆盖面较广,功能体制较健全的自然保护区网络,使得建立自然保护区成为中国多样性保护的重要途径之一。但保护区发展和经营过程中的一些难以用现有手段解决的问题也日益凸显。尤其是自然保护区生物多样性保护的基本要求与当地经济发展的急切需求之间的矛盾难以调和。而协议保护的出现为解决这些问题提供了新思路,协议保护在中国的初期应用也收到了良好的效果。本文就中国目前自然保护区中因经济开发造成的保护困境和协议保护的特点及范例分析,阐述在中国自然保护区及其周边实施协议保护的必要性与可行性。     

Effect of land use and land cover change on soil erosion and the spatio-temporal variation in Liupan Mountain Region, southern Ningxia, China

The Liupan Mountains are located in the southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, that forms an important divide between landforms and biogeographic regions. The populated part of the Liupan Mountain Region has suffered tremendous ecological damage over time due to population pressure, excessive demand and inappropriate use of agricultural land resources. To present the relationship between land use/cover change and spatio-temporal variation of soil erosion, data sets of land use between the late 1980s and 2000 were obtained from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, and spatial models were used to characterize landscape and soil erosion conditions. Also, soil erosion in response to land use and land cover change were quantified and analyzed using data from geographical information systems and remote sensing. Soil erosion by water was the dominant mode of soil loss, while soil erosion by wind was only present on a relatively small area. The degree of soil erosion was classified into five severity classes: slight, light, moderate, severe, and very severe. Soil erosion in the Liupan Mountain Region increased between the late 1980s and 2000, both in terms of acreage and severity. Moderate, severe, and very severe eroded areas accounted for 54.86% of the total land area. The lightly eroded area decreased, while the moderately eroded area increased by 368817 ha (22%) followed by severe erosion with 146552 ha (8.8%), and very severe erosion by 97067.6 ha (5.8%). Soil loss on sloping cropland increased with slope gradients. About 90% of the cropland was located on slopes less than 15°. Most of the increase in soil erosion on cropland was due to conversion of steep slopes to cropland and degradation of grassland and increased activities. Soil erosion was severe on grassland with a moderate or low grass cover and on dry land. Human activities, cultivation on steep slopes, and overgrazing of pastures were the main reasons for the increase in erosion severity.     

黄土丘陵区退耕草地土壤呼吸及其组分对氮磷添加的响应

为探究不同氮磷添加水平对黄土丘陵区退耕草地土壤呼吸及其组分的影响,于2018年5～9月采用田间试验的方法,设置3个施氮(以N计)主区[0、50和100 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)]和3个施磷(以P_2O_5计)副区[0、40和80 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)].测定每月各处理下土壤总呼吸和异养呼吸速率,以及土壤温度和土壤含水量.结果表明,氮磷添加对土壤温度和土壤水分的影响均不显著(P 0. 05).土壤呼吸速率具明显月份变化特征,在7月达到峰值.未施肥处理的月平均土壤总呼吸、异养呼吸和自养呼吸分别为0. 69、0. 39和0. 29 g·(m~2·h)~(-1).未施氮条件下,施磷对土壤呼吸及其组分无显著影响(P 0. 05).施氮条件下,磷添加显著提高土壤呼吸及其组分的呼吸速率(P 0. 05),氮磷配施后月平均土壤总呼吸、异养呼吸和自养呼吸最大值分别为0. 93、0. 50和0. 47 g·(m~2·h)~(-1).未施肥的土壤总呼吸、异养呼吸和自养呼吸的Q_(10)值分别为1. 86、2. 36和2. 24;氮磷添加降低了土壤呼吸及其组分的Q_(10)值.总体上,氮磷添加对黄土丘陵区退耕草地土壤呼吸及其组分的影响与施氮磷量有关.     

Arsenic exposure increased expression of HOTAIR and LincRNA-p21 in vivo and vitro

Arsenic is an environmental contaminant, its multiple effects on human tend to increase the rate of disease, cancer and other health problems. Some of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can be induced in major cellular processes such as necrosis, proliferation, and mutation. While the toxicity of arsenic is well established, the association between arsenic exposure and long non-coding RNAs has not been studied enough. This study investigated the association between arsenic and the expression of HOTAIR and LincRNA-p21 in vivo and vitro. In epidemiological studies, the expression of HOTAIR and LincRNA-p21 was increased after long-term arsenic exposure. HOTAIR and LincRNA-p21 expression were positively linked to monomethylarsenic acid (MMA), dimethylarsenic acid (DMA), inorganic arsenic (iAs), total arsenic (tAs), and MMA% and negatively linked to secondary methylation index (SMI). In A549 cells, arsenic exposure resulted in enhanced HOTAIR and LincRNA-p21 expression dose-dependently. The expression of HOTAIR was considerably high in the presence of NaAsO₂ and MMA but showed no difference in DMA compared with control group. And LincRNA-p21 expression was increased in the presence of NaAsO₂, MMA, and DMA. The expression of HOTAIR and LincRNA-p21 induced by iAs was much higher than that induced by MMA and DMA. Compared with the control group, treatment of A549 cells with NaAsO₂/S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and NaAsO₂/glutathione (GSH) combination increased HOTAIR and LincRNA-p21 expression. The expression of LincRNA-p21 in combination of NaAsO₂/GSH was significantly decreased compared with NaAsO₂ alone. Besides, in the presence of arsenic, both of HOTAIR and LincRNA-p21 were upregulated significantly when P53 was knocked down. We revealed that inorganic arsenic, its methylated metabolites, and arsenic metabolism efficiency affect the expression of HOTAIR and LincRNA-p21.

     

温度、曝气和沉积物对绿潮硬毛藻分解的影响

为了解绿潮优势种——硬毛藻在温度、曝气和沉积物作用下的分解过程及三因素的效应大小,通过室内模拟研究了不同环境条件下硬毛藻早期分解过程中生物量、分解速率及藻体磷释放率的变化,分析了不同环境因子对藻体分解影响的效应大小.结果表明,高温(20~30℃)和添加沉积物均能促进硬毛藻的腐烂分解及藻体磷素释放,其中,30℃条件下含沉积物处理的最大分解速率可达12.13%·d-1,14 d后藻体磷释放率为90%以上.曝气一方面可通过扰动加速藻体生物量的损失和分解速率,另一方面提供了好氧环境,抑制了藻体生物分解和磷素释放,因而其影响效应较低.研究表明,高温和添加沉积物均可加速丝状硬毛藻的分解和藻体磷素释放,夏季应及时清除水体中滋生和衰亡的藻体.     

秦皇岛海岸线资源利用与保护对策

伴随着人类对近海资源开发活动的加剧,海岸线遭受破坏的问题日益凸出。通过对秦皇岛海岸线资源利用现状进行分析,总结出秦皇岛海岸线资源利用存在缺少合理规划、海水入侵严重、排污入海缺乏严格监控、跟踪管理不到位等问题,提出规划先行、分区开发、生态保护、加强管理、公众参与等秦皇岛海岸线资源保护与可持续发展利用的对策。     

中国电子垃圾现状及环境管理对策分析

20世纪以来,随着电子信息等高科技产业迅猛发展,电子技术不断升级,电子产品寿命周期越来越短,电子垃圾的产生量迅速增大。另一方面,国内电子废物的飞速增长和国外电子废物的大量涌入,成为中国环境安全重大隐患。电子垃圾成分复杂且其污染物众多,对电子垃圾的不恰当处理势必造成了严重的环境污染。本文就中国电子垃圾现状、相应的国内外管理对策进行了分析,并针对中国电子垃圾处理现状,从可持续性发展的环保战略高度,对如何改善电子废弃物管理现状、提高废弃物循环利用率、减少电子废弃物产生、降低电子废弃物的危害等进行建议性分析。     

汉江流域金水河与淇河潜在硝化速率及硝化功能基因的影响因子

河流是地表连接陆地和海洋生态系统生源要素的关键通道,河流生态系统中包括硝化作用在内的氮转化过程对全球氮循环具有重要影响.本研究选择位于秦岭南坡流域内人为干扰强度低的金水河及人为干扰强度高的淇河进行比较研究,探讨人为干扰强度对河流潜在硝化速率及硝化功能基因丰度的影响.结果表明,同时期的淇河潜在硝化速率显著高于金水河（P<0.05）.金水河和淇河的AOA-amoA基因丰度都显著高于AOB-amoA（P<0.05）,但枯水期淇河的AOB-amoA基因丰度显著高于金水河,金水河与淇河AOA-amoA基因丰度无显著差异.潜在硝化速率与水温、pH、水体NO₃^-和沉积物NO₃^-浓度呈显著正相关（P<0.05）.硝化功能基因丰度与水温、pH、水体及沉积物NO₃^-、NH₄⁺及有机碳浓度相关性显著（P<0.05）.潜在硝化速率与AOA-amoA基因丰度无显著相关性,但与AOB-amoA基因丰度呈负相关.本研究表明人为干扰强度高的河流具有更高的潜在硝化速率及硝化功能基因丰度,潜在硝化速率及硝化功能基因丰度与河流水体及沉积物的理化因子显著相关.本研究对于河流生态系统氮素迁移转化过程有重要意义.