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131.
We determined the kinetics of phenanthrene desorption from three activated carbons to water using Tenax beads as an infinite sink for organic compounds in water. Desorption kinetic data very well fitted a biphasic kinetic model based on the presence of two different adsorption sites, viz. low-energy sites and high-energy sites. Rate constants for desorption to water from these two types of sites in the three activated carbons did not reveal a relation with activated carbon grain size. These rate constants were comparable to those for desorption of various organic compounds from hard carbon in various sediments. 相似文献
132.
By using life cycle assessment (LCA) modeling, this paper compares the environmental performance of six landfilling technologies (open dump, conventional landfill with flares, conventional landfill with energy recovery, standard bioreactor landfill, flushing bioreactor landfill and semi-aerobic landfill) and assesses the influence of the active operations practiced on these performances. The environmental assessments have been performed by means of the LCA-based tool EASEWASTE, whereby the functional unit utilized for the LCA is "landfilling of 1ton of wet household waste in a 10m deep landfill for 100 years". The assessment criteria include standard categories (global warming, nutrient enrichment, ozone depletion, photo-chemical ozone formation and acidification), toxicity-related categories (human toxicity and ecotoxicity) and impact on spoiled groundwater resources. Results demonstrate that it is crucially important to ensure the highest collection efficiency of landfill gas and leachate since a poor capture compromises the overall environmental performance. Once gas and leachate are collected and treated, the potential impacts in the standard environmental categories and on spoiled groundwater resources significantly decrease, although at the same time specific emissions from gas treatment lead to increased impact potentials in the toxicity-related categories. Gas utilization for energy recovery leads to saved emissions and avoided impact potentials in several environmental categories. Measures should be taken to prevent leachate infiltration to groundwater and it is essential to collect and treat the generated leachate. The bioreactor technologies recirculate the collected leachate to enhance the waste degradation process. This allows the gas collection period to be reduced from 40 to 15 years, although it does not lead to noticeable environmental benefits when considering a 100 years LCA-perspective. In order to more comprehensively understand the influence of the active operations (i.e., leachate recirculation, waste flushing and air injection) on the environmental performance, the time horizon of the assessment has been split into two time periods: years 0-15 and 16-100. Results show that if these operations are combined with gas utilization and leachate treatment, they are able to shorten the time frame that emissions lead to environmental impacts of concern. 相似文献
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Isabelle Coll Cécile Rousseau Barbara Barletta Simone Meinardi Donald R. Blake 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(31):3843-3855
This paper presents an evaluation of the consistency of an urban state-of-the-art hydrocarbon (HC) emission inventory. The evaluation was conducted through the comparison of this inventory with hourly HC measurements during two summer months in the centre of Marseille, on the Mediterranean French coast. Factors of under or overestimation could be calculated for each compound on the basis of a systematic HC to HC ratio analysis. These results, associated with a deep analysis of the speciation profiles, show that most of the common and highly concentrated hydrocarbons (such as butanes) are too much predominant in the emission speciation, while the heavy and less common species (branched alkanes, substituted aromatics) are under-represented in the inventory. The urban diffuse sources appear here as one critical point of the inventories. The disagreements were shown to have a strong incidence on the representation of the air mass reactivity. In a last step, the identified uncertainties in emissions were implemented in an air-quality model for sensitivity studies. It was shown that the observed biases in the inventory could affect the regional ozone production, with a probable impact on ozone peaks of 2–10 ppbv over the area. 相似文献
135.
Markert B Wuenschmann S Fraenzle S Graciana Figueiredo AM Ribeiro AP Wang M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(8-9):1991-1995
After considering the particular problems of atmospheric pollution in megacities, i.e. agglomerations larger than 5 mio. inhabitants, with urbanization of World's population going on steadily, possibilities of active biomonitoring by means of green plants are discussed. Based on specific definitions of active and passive bioindication the chances of monitoring heavy metals in Sao Paulo megacity were demonstrated (first results published before). This is to show that there is need for increased use of bioindication to tackle the particular problems of megacities concerning environmental "health", the data to be processed according to the Multi-Markered-Bioindication-Concept (MMBC). Comparison to other work shows this approach to be reasonable. 相似文献
136.
Vieira CD de Carvalho MA Cussiol NA Alvarez-Leite ME dos Santos SG Gomes RM Silva MX Nicoli JR Farias Lde M 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2011,31(6):1327-1332
In Brazil, few studies on microbial content of dental solid waste and its antibiotic susceptibility are available. An effort has been made through this study to evaluate the hazardous status of dental solid waste, keeping in mind its possible role in cross-infection chain. Six samples of solid waste were collected at different times and seasons from three dental health services. The microbial content was evaluated in different culture media and atmospheric conditions, and the isolates were submitted to antibiotic susceptibility testing. A total of 766 bacterial strains were isolated and identified during the study period. Gram-positive cocci were the most frequent morphotype isolated (48.0%), followed by Gram-negative rods (46.2%), Gram-positive rods (5.0%), Gram-negative-cocci (0.4%), and Gram-positive coccobacillus (0.1%). Only two anaerobic bacteria were isolated (0.3%). The most frequently isolated species was Staphylococcus epidermidis (29.9%), followed by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (8.2%), and Enterococcus faecalis (6.7%). High resistance rate to ampicillin was observed among Gram-negative rods (59.4%) and Gram-positive cocci (44.4%). For Gram-negative rods, high resistance was also noted to aztreonam (47.7%), cefotaxime (47.4%), ceftriaxone and cefazolin (43.7%), and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (38.2%). Against Gram-positive cocci penicillin exhibit a higher resistance rate (45.0%), followed by ampicillin, erythromycin (27.2%), and tetracycline (22.0%). The present study demonstrated that several pathogenic bacteria are present in dental solid waste and can survive after 48 h from the waste generation time and harbor resistance profiles against several clinical recommended antibiotics. 相似文献
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Maria do Carmo R. Peralba Dirce Pozebon João H. Z. dos Santos Sandra M. Maia Tânia M. Pizzolato Giovani Cioccari Simone Barrionuevo 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,167(1-4):33-47
The impact of drilling oil activities in the Brazilian Bonito Field/Campos Basin (Rio de Janeiro) shell drilling (300 m) using nonaqueous fluids (NAFs) was investigated with respect to Al, Fe, Mn, Ba, Co, Pb, Cu, As, Hg, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd, V, and aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in the sediment. Sampling took place in three different times during approximately 33 months. For the metals Al, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, V, and Zn, no significant variation was observed after drilling activities in most of the stations. However, an increase was found in Ba concentration—due to the drilling activity—without return to the levels found 22 months after drilling. High Ba contents was already detected prior to well drilling, probably due to drilling activities in other wells nearby. Hydrocarbon contents also suggest previous anthropogenic activities. Aliphatic hydrocarbon contents were in the range usually reported in other drilling sites. The same behavior was observed in the case of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Nevertheless, the n-alkane concentration increased sharply after drilling, returning almost to predrilling levels 22 months after drilling activities. 相似文献
139.
140.
Simone Wünschmann J?rg Oehlmann Bernd Delakowitz und Bernd Markert 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2001,13(5):259-265
Zusammenfassung Durch die Quantifizierung von 12 chemischen Elementen im Organsystem von wildlebenden Ratten (Rattus norvegicus) aus dem Tierpark Zittau (Sachsen) sollte die Eignung dieser spezies als passiver Bioindikator untersucht werden. Neben der
Ermittlung von sogenannten Hintergrund-konzentrationen standen insbesondere Fragen zur geschlechts-und altersspezifischen
Akkumulation einzelner Elemente im Organsystem von Rattus norvegicus im Vordergrund. Spezifisch zeigten dabei einzelne Elemente unterschiedliche Affinit?ten zu den entsprechenden Geweben und
Organen. Insbesondere die hierbei ermittelten geschlechts- und altersspezifischen Charakteristika einzelner Elemente macht
eine detaillierte Ausarbeitung einer Beprobungsstrategie für den sp?teren Einsatz als passiver Bioindikator zwingend. Unter
Berücksichtigung des durch die Berechnung des Body Burden (K?rperlast) im 2. Teil der Arbeit ermittelten typischen Verteilungsmusters
einzelner Elemente ist Rattus norvegicus zum integrativen Monitoring-einsatz pr?destiniert.
Bernd Markert ist Professor und Direktor des internationalen Hochschulinstitutes in Zittau und Lehrstuhlinhaber für Umweltverfahrenstechnik.
Der Einsatz eines freilebenden, intelligenten ‘Sch?dlings’ für die Umweltüberwachung in der Bioindikation ergibt sich für
ihn aus zwei zwingenden Gesichtspunkten: 1. Die Ratte als Nutztier (psychologisch/didaktischer Ansatz) 2. und als ‘missing
link’ zwischen Wirbeltier und Mensch (bioindikativer/naturwissenschaftlicher Ansatz) 相似文献