土壤碳收支对秸秆与秸秆生物炭还田的响应及其机制

秸秆直接还田与秸秆炭化还田是目前最主要的秸秆还田措施.由于秸秆与秸秆生物炭结构和性质的差异以及还田过程的差异,其还田后的土壤呼吸和土壤碳收支必然有显著差异.采用室外盆栽的方式,以地肤草为目标植物,系统研究了土壤呼吸与土壤碳收支对多种秸秆与秸秆生物炭还田的响应及其可能的机制.结果表明,秸秆生物炭还田的土壤呼吸[均值为21.69μmol·(m2·s)-1]显著低于秸秆直接还田[均值为65.32μmol·(m2·s)-1],土壤有机碳含量(均值为20.40 g·kg-1)和植物的固碳量(平均植物生物量138.56 g)均高于秸秆直接还田(均值为17.76 g·kg-1和76.76 g);考虑了生物炭制备过程的碳丢失后,秸秆生物炭还田的土壤碳收支仍显著高于秸秆直接还田,是一种较低碳的秸秆还田模式;秸秆直接还田显著促进土壤脱氢酶活性﹑土壤β-糖苷酶活性和土壤活性微生物量,因此导致较高的土壤呼吸,而生物炭还田土壤的微生物活性普遍较低;秸秆生物炭的易氧化态碳含量和可生物降解性均显著低于秸秆对照,表明秸秆生物炭稳定性较高,难以被土壤微生物降解利用,因此其还田后土壤微生物活性普遍较低,秸秆碳可在土壤中长期保存.     

污泥回流对流化床生物膜—A/O活性污泥耦合工艺的影响研究

设计一套流化床生物膜(MBBR)—A/O活性污泥耦合装置处理城镇污水,考察了污泥回流对耦合工艺处理效率的影响,研究了系统中生物膜相和悬浮相微生物在有机物降解和脱氮反应中的活性差异。实验结果表明,当系统进水COD在200~400mg/L,进水氨氮在8.0~32.0mg/L,污泥回流比为1/8时,水力停留时间为12.4h,系统COD去除率平均值达81.4%,TN去除率平均值达70.6%,系统对较难降解城镇污水的处理具有明显的技术优势。污泥回流降低了生物膜相微生物的活性,而提高了悬浮相微生物活性,但生物膜相微生物活性速率仍高于悬浮相微生物活性。与传统活性污泥工艺相比,MBBR—A/O活性污泥耦合工艺将高活性生物膜引入,使悬浮污泥浓度极大降低,有助于减少污泥回流能耗与处理成本,具有明显应用价值。     

火电厂SCR法脱硝催化剂的几个重要指标介绍

以某1000MW机组SCR系统所采用催化剂指标为实例,介绍了火电厂SCR法脱硝中催化剂的作用、成分与种类,重点介绍了催化剂一些重要的物理、化学和性能指标,以及它们对催化剂活性和系统运行的影响。有助于技术人员了解催化剂的关键指标,为催化剂评标、验收以及失效评估工作提供参考。     

Nitrate Status of Two Major Rivers in N. E. Scotland with Respect to Land Use and Fertiliser Additions

Land Use and the influence it has upon river water nitrate levels is discussed, for two large relatively unpopulated river systems in the N.E. of Scotland. the catchment areas for the rivers Dee and Don have been further subdivided into a number of sub catchments. Substantial differences in land use and agricultural potential exist both within and between the two areas. Greater agricultural production down stream is associated with increased river nitrate concentrations.     

规划类清洁发展机制在市政基础设施中的应用分析——以苏州市为背景

规划类清洁发展机制(PCDM)作为清洁发展机制(CDM)的改革方案而提出,解决了CDM不能在小型和分散项目中的应用问题,但PCDM项目在物理边界、参与方、方法学使用等方面与CDM项目有一定的区别.采用案例研究表明,市政基础设施中的城市交通系统、垃圾处理系统、市政水系统和城市照明系统等一些项目符合PCDM的基本条件、方法学和额外性等要求.可以大型城市或省级地区为物理边界开发PCDM项目.但是应用中需解决基准线、较高开发成本及较大的开发风险等问题.     

Shared aggression concerns and organizational outcomes: The moderating role of resource constraints

Most research on workplace aggression focuses on the antecedents and consequences of aggression for individual workers. The current study examines how shared workplace aggression concerns relate to internal and external organizational outcomes. Drawing on the work stress, social identity, and social contagion literatures, we propose relationships between unit‐level aggression concerns and unit‐level measures of performance and employee attitudes in a public school sample (2989 employees; 163 schools). We also propose that these relationships differ depending on the resource context of the school. Consistent with our expectations, schools in which teachers had strong shared concerns about aggression also had poorer shared job attitudes and poorer student outcomes, as indicated by average standardized test scores at the school. The impact of shared concerns about aggression on school‐level standardized test scores was stronger for resource‐rich schools than for schools with fewer resources. The current study contributes to organizational research as it establishes that workplace aggression concerns have adverse consequences for the whole organization, not only for the individuals experiencing the events. Our findings demonstrate that employees' shared concerns about aggression have an impact on organizational outcomes and suggest a prevention‐focused approach to workplace aggression. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of a safety training program in three food service companies

Problem: Outcome measures for safety training effectiveness research often do not include measures such as occupational injury experience. Effectiveness mediators also receive sparse attention. Method: A new safety training curriculum was delivered to workers in a stratified random sample of food service facilities across three companies. A similar group of facilities received usual training. We collected post-test measures of demographic variables, safety knowledge, perceptions of transfer of training climate, and workers' compensation claim data for one year after the initial training activities. Results: Knowledge test scores were apparently higher in the new-training units than in the usual-training units. Some demographic variables were inconsistently associated with these differences. Evidence for reduction of the injury rate associated with the new training was observed from two companies but only approached significance for one company. A second company revealed a similar but non-significant trend. Knowledge scores were not significantly associated with lower injury rates. Discussion: We found evidence that safety training increases knowledge and reduces injuries. We found almost no evidence of effects of training effectiveness mediators, including no relationship between safety knowledge and injury experience. Methodological issues related to conducting a large study may have influenced these results. Impact on Industry: Although safety training leads to greater knowledge and, in some cases, reduced occupational injuries, the influence of mediating variables remains to be fully explained.     

Learning through public involvement in environmental assessment hearings

This research examined the opportunities for critical education available to participants of a federal environmental assessment (EA) that includes hearings. The Sable Gas Panel Review, an assessment of a natural gas project situated in the Maritimes, was undertaken between 1996 and 1997. This study documented what participants learned through their experiences and how that learning was facilitated. Primary data collection emphasized the use of semi-structured interviews to record the experientially based observations of panel participants. Primary data were supported by a review of material submitted by hearing participants for consideration by the panel, and complemented with literature related to EA, environmental education, and transformational learning theories. Evidence was considered in terms of assessment-specific operational definitions, developed from Shor (1993) [Education is politics: Paulo Freire's Critical Pedagogy. In: McLaren, P., Leonard, P. (Eds.), Paulo Freire : A critical Encounter, Routledge, New York, pp. 25-35] ten indicators of critical education. The study revealed that participants of the Sable Gas panel review had an opportunity to engage in critical education. While it is important to acknowledge that the panel did not set out to engage participants in a 'critical educational' experience, each of the 10 operational definitions of critical education used in the study were addressed to varying degrees through activities undertaken by the panel secretariat. Results illustrate the types of educational opportunities, such as a class on how to participate in a quasi-judicial hearing, and the importance of participant-led research that can arise out of the panel review process. The findings of this research contribute to the evolving literature regarding the role of critical education in EA and environmental management. Understanding the existing scope of critical education within a panel review provides the foundation for identifying opportunities for expanding the capacity of the existing EA process to facilitate learning by participants.