硝化菌群在不同条件下的增殖速率和硝化活性

研究了不同环境因子变化对硝化菌群的增殖能力及其对硝化作用活性的影响,确定了硝化菌群的最佳生长条件．研究发现,温度（θ／℃）、ｐＨ、供氧状况、无机碳源浓度等对于硝化细菌菌群的增殖能力及硝化作用活性具有较重要的影响,而含盐量高低几乎无影响．最适（θ、ｐＨ、［ρ（Ｏ２）］、［ρ（ＮａＨＣＯ３）］分别为３０℃、ｐＨ８．５、３．５ｍｇＬ－１、１ｇＬ－１,此时最大比生长速μｍ可达５．１８ｄ－１,最大比降解速υｍ可达４８．４３ｈ－１．在含氧量较低时,氨氮浓度的升高使硝化菌群的μ值下降,υ值上升．考察有机碳对该菌群的影响发现,ｍ（Ｃｏｒｇ）ｍ－１（Ｎ）在０～０．５之间时,菌群有较大的比生长速率,并且硝化作用活性增强     

Evaluating the influence of nature connection and values on conservation attitudes at a tropical deforestation frontier

Inner phenomena, such as personal motivations for pursuing sustainability, may be critical levers for improving conservation outcomes. Most conservation research and policies, however, focus on external phenomena (e.g., ecological change or economic processes). We explored the factors shaping 9 conservation attitudes toward forest and wildlife protection among colonist farmers around an Amazonian deforestation frontier. Our data comprised 241 face-to-face quantitative surveys, complemented with qualitative insights from open-ended questionnaire responses and opportunistic semistructured interviews. To account for the full spectrum of possible inner motivations, we employed measures of nature connection (indicating biospheric motivation) and personal values organized around the traditionalism (traditionalist through to high openness to change) and universalism dimensions (egoistic through to altruistic motivations). We used averaged beta-binomial generalized linear models to assess the role of external factors (socioeconomic, sociodemographic, and environmental) and personal (inner) motivations on the variation in attitudes. Each attitude was modeled separately. The relative importance of each predictor was judged by the proportion of models where it appeared as significant. Proconservation views were expressed by the majority (at least 65%) of the respondents in 7 out of the 9 attitude models. The most consistent predictors were emotional nature connection and personal values (significant in 4–6 out of 9 models), rather than external phenomena (significant in 0–5 models). However, the poorest farmers had lower scores on the agreement with prioritizing nature over development (𝛽 = –0.52, 95% CI: –0.96 to –0.07). Qualitative data also indicated that economic barriers hinder forest conservation on farms. These results suggest that biospheric, traditionalistic, and altruistic motivations promote people's proconservation attitudes, but nurturing these latent motivations is unlikely to improve conservation outcomes if material poverty remains unaddressed. Integrating the inner–outer perspective into conservation thinking and practical interventions could foster environmental stewardship and increase human well-being.     

Planning for a neighborhood and city-scale green network system in Qatar: the case of MIA Park

In the past decade, Doha has witnessed fast-urban growth, an increased population rate, and an over-reliance on the automobile as the main mode of urban transportation. These factors caused social and environmental problems related to (1) the loss of a compact urban pattern, (2) an increased level of air pollution (3) high traffic congestions and (4) increasing landscape fragmentation. In consideration of such concerns, The State of Qatar invested large funds into the urban landscape development of Doha, as envisioned by Qatar National Vision 2030. As a result, in the past five years various parks and/or green areas, such MIA Park, a major public green space located around the Museum of Islamic Art (MIA), were planned and developed within metropolitan Doha. The authors argue that this park is currently facing issues and challenges related to (1) accessibility to/from the neighboring districts, and (2) connectivity to/from the neighboring parks. Therefore, this research study aims at assessing the existing conditions of MIA Park, at considering the broader city context and, at recommending strategies for implementing MIA Park’s green network system. It approached the investigative challenge using a multi-pronged comprehensive methodology, that deployed focus groups, semi-structured interviews and a comprehensive network analysis based on graph theory. The findings, revealed through these hybrid research tactics, allowed the researchers to generate a framework to enhance accessibility and connectivity of MIA Park through a green network system, planned at inter-related neighborhood-scale and city-scale levels. While the research examines most notably a single case, it is advocated that the proposed framework represents not just an optional feature pertaining to the case in Doha, but a valuable reference for the sustainable master planning of future cities in the State of Qatar and across the GCC. The paper proffers numerous key contributions, including the critical exploration of manufactured landscapes in Doha Qatar and the delineation of broadly applicable environmental design strategies to improve the fabric and livability of cities.

     

基于模糊故障树的海洋立管破坏失效风险分析

针对海洋立管破坏失效事故资料不完备及发生概率缺乏精确值的现状,提出了基于模糊故障树的海洋立管破坏失效风险分析方法。通过对现有的海洋立管破坏失效事故原因的统计分析,建立了以"海洋立管破坏失效"为顶事件的故障树。在对故障树进行定性分析的基础上,得到了引起海洋立管破坏失效的105个各阶最小割集,确定了海洋立管发生破坏失效的主要模式。采用专家判断法与模糊集理论结合的方法对故障树进行了定量分析,评估了故障树底事件的发生概率,并计算了故障树顶事件的发生概率。通过模糊故障树分析得到了海洋立管系统的薄弱环节,从而可以对其采取有效措施,以降低事故发生概率及提高系统可靠性。     

A condition metric for Eucalyptus woodland derived from expert evaluations

The evaluation of ecosystem quality is important for land‐management and land‐use planning. Evaluation is unavoidably subjective, and robust metrics must be based on consensus and the structured use of observations. We devised a transparent and repeatable process for building and testing ecosystem metrics based on expert data. We gathered quantitative evaluation data on the quality of hypothetical grassy woodland sites from experts. We used these data to train a model (an ensemble of 30 bagged regression trees) capable of predicting the perceived quality of similar hypothetical woodlands based on a set of 13 site variables as inputs (e.g., cover of shrubs, richness of native forbs). These variables can be measured at any site and the model implemented in a spreadsheet as a metric of woodland quality. We also investigated the number of experts required to produce an opinion data set sufficient for the construction of a metric. The model produced evaluations similar to those provided by experts, as shown by assessing the model's quality scores of expert‐evaluated test sites not used to train the model. We applied the metric to 13 woodland conservation reserves and asked managers of these sites to independently evaluate their quality. To assess metric performance, we compared the model's evaluation of site quality with the managers’ evaluations through multidimensional scaling. The metric performed relatively well, plotting close to the center of the space defined by the evaluators. Given the method provides data‐driven consensus and repeatability, which no single human evaluator can provide, we suggest it is a valuable tool for evaluating ecosystem quality in real‐world contexts. We believe our approach is applicable to any ecosystem.     

规划类清洁发展机制在市政基础设施中的应用分析——以苏州市为背景

规划类清洁发展机制(PCDM)作为清洁发展机制(CDM)的改革方案而提出,解决了CDM不能在小型和分散项目中的应用问题,但PCDM项目在物理边界、参与方、方法学使用等方面与CDM项目有一定的区别.采用案例研究表明,市政基础设施中的城市交通系统、垃圾处理系统、市政水系统和城市照明系统等一些项目符合PCDM的基本条件、方法学和额外性等要求.可以大型城市或省级地区为物理边界开发PCDM项目.但是应用中需解决基准线、较高开发成本及较大的开发风险等问题.     

Shared aggression concerns and organizational outcomes: The moderating role of resource constraints

Most research on workplace aggression focuses on the antecedents and consequences of aggression for individual workers. The current study examines how shared workplace aggression concerns relate to internal and external organizational outcomes. Drawing on the work stress, social identity, and social contagion literatures, we propose relationships between unit‐level aggression concerns and unit‐level measures of performance and employee attitudes in a public school sample (2989 employees; 163 schools). We also propose that these relationships differ depending on the resource context of the school. Consistent with our expectations, schools in which teachers had strong shared concerns about aggression also had poorer shared job attitudes and poorer student outcomes, as indicated by average standardized test scores at the school. The impact of shared concerns about aggression on school‐level standardized test scores was stronger for resource‐rich schools than for schools with fewer resources. The current study contributes to organizational research as it establishes that workplace aggression concerns have adverse consequences for the whole organization, not only for the individuals experiencing the events. Our findings demonstrate that employees' shared concerns about aggression have an impact on organizational outcomes and suggest a prevention‐focused approach to workplace aggression. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

泉州湾河口湿地不同植被恢复下沉积物磷形态和酶活性特征

基于定位观测,研究了泉州湾河口湿地秋茄（Kandelia obovate,KO）、桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum,AC）、以及秋茄+桐花树（KA）混交等3种植被恢复下沉积物磷形态、酶活性以及环境因子变化特征,并与养蛏滩涂（恢复前,SC）进行了比较,以评估不同植被恢复模式对沉积物磷库及酶活性的影响.结果表明：(1)植被恢复19年后,3种恢复模式下沉积物全磷（TP）和无机磷（IP）含量相较恢复前均呈上升趋势,其中KA最高,SC最低;而沉积物有机磷（OP）含量在不同恢复模式间差异不显著;不同恢复模式下,IP均是沉积物磷的主要形态,占TP的60%～73%;其中,沉积物氢氧化钠提取磷（NaOH-P）和盐酸提取磷（HCl-P）在KA处理下明显高于恢复前（SC）.(2)与恢复前相比,不同恢复模式下沉积物碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性明显增加,总体表现为AC>KA>KO>SC,但过氧化氢酶在不同植被恢复模式下并无明显差异.(3)冗余分析结果显示,不同恢复模式下沉积物磷含量变化主要受酶活性（特别是碱性磷酸酶）及环境因子（pH、有机质、全氮等）的综合影响.泉州湾河口湿...     

Learning for Sustainability Among Faith-Based Organizations in Kenya

The complex and unpredictable contexts in which environmental and development work take place require an adaptable, learning approach. Faith-based organizations (FBOs) play a significant role in sustainability work around the world, and provide a unique setting in which to study learning. This paper explores individual learning for sustainability within two FBOs engaged in sustainability work in Kenya. Learning outcomes covered a broad range of areas, including the sustainability framework, environment/conservation, skills, community work, interpersonal engagement, and personal and faith development. These outcomes were acquired through embodied experience and activity, facilitation by the workplace, interpersonal interaction, personal reflection, and Bible study and worship. Grounded categories were compared to learning domains and processes described by Mezirow’s transformative learning theory. The findings indicate that for learning in the sustainability field, instrumental learning and embodied learning processes are particularly important, and consequently they require greater attention in the theory when applied in this field.