Evaluation of phosphorus removal from wastewater by soils in rural areas in China

Low-cost, easy-maintenance and high-e ciency decentralized wastewater treatment technologies are urgently needed in rural areas of China. Processes with high potential for phosphorus removal are of great interest. However, commonly used treatment methods often do not meet the strict criteria for removing phosphorus from rural wastewater. In order to search an economic and simple technology for phosphorus removal from the common bio-technologies e uent, seven soil types collected from di erent rural areas in China were investigated for their ability to remove phosphorus. X-ray di raction (XRD) was used to analyse the mineral structure, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used to analyse the geochemical composition of the soil samples. Three primary minerals – quartz, albite and montmorillonite – were clearly detected. The samples were divided into two soil types, acidic soils and alkaline soils, based on their pH values. The geochemical composition study indicated that a higher percentage of Ca and Mg occurred in alkaline soils (pH > 8) than in acidic soils (pH < 6.5). Adsorption isotherms from batch experiments fitted the Langmuir and Freundlich models well, the maximum P adsorption capacities ranged from 0.256 to 1.598 mg P/g, indicating a high phosphorus removal potential for all of these soils. The P fractions extracted revealed that the sum of NaOH-extracted inorganic P (NaOH-Pi) was the major P component in the acidic soils, and CaCO3-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) in the alkaline soils. Dynamic adsorption simulation showed that these soils have the ability to remove phosphorus from wastewater.     

超低排放改造后燃煤电厂常规大气污染物排放特征

基于海口电厂"超低排放"燃煤机组在线监测数据和实测结果，研究颗粒物、SO₂、NO_x排放特征，分析颗粒物粒径分布和化学成分谱.结果显示，"超低排放"机组颗粒物、SO₂、NO_x排放浓度均值分别为（1.57±0.81）、（15.15±6.23）和（40.10±3.63）mg·m^-3，均满足超低排放限值要求.TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM₁、SO₂、NO_x的排放因子均值分别为0.0099、0.0098、0.0092、0.0065、0.1131、0.2882 kg·t^-1，排放因子集中在很窄的区间内，呈正态或偏正态分布，与未进行超低改造研究结果比较，排放因子减小了1~2个数量级.颗粒物数浓度分布呈双峰分布，数浓度峰值粒径为0.027 μm和0.641 μm；质量浓度呈单峰分布，峰值粒径为1.100 μm.PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM₁的成分谱差异很小，其主要化学组分为SO₄^2-、Ca、NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、OC，在PM₁₀中质量占比分别为29.41%±0.94%、12.09%±1.95%、9.49%±2.35%、6.96%±0.49%、4.93%±0.57%；在PM_2.5中质量占比分别为29.18%±1.58%、12.72%±1.77%、9.21%±2.01%、5.31%±0.13%、4.33%±0.72%；在PM₁中质量占比分别为29.04%±3.15%、17.99%±3.61%、8.42%±1.50%、4.445±0.08%、5.075±0.07%.     

不同粒径方解石在不同pH值时对磷的等温吸附特征与吸附效果

以天然方解石为材料,研究了不同pH值与不同粒径方解石对磷吸附效果的影响.实验设置了不同质量浓度磷系列溶液,加人1g不同粒径,即小于100目、100～180目、180～325目和325目的方解石,在PH值分别为9.00±0.02、7.00±0.02和6.00±0.02时.研究方解石对磷的吸附效果,并用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型对等温吸附线进行了拟合.结果表明,方解石对磷的吸附等温线能较好地用Freundlich方程来拟合.方解石的粒径越小,对磷的吸附能力越强,在本实验选取的粒径范围内,325目方解石对磷酸盐的吸附效果最好;但180～325目方解石对磷的吸附能力与325目方解石的差别不大,实际应用中,选用180～325目方解石即可取得对磷的较好的吸附效果.pH值是影响方解石吸附磷的重要因素,pH为6时,由于方解石微溶产生的Ca2 与水体中PO3-4结合形成Ca-P化合物,使其吸附磷效果较好;pH≥7时,通过方解石吸附作用、与碳酸钙共沉作用及以方解石作为结晶核的钙磷化合物结晶作用去除磷;pH为9时方解石对PO3-4吸附效果好于pH值为7时.     

化工项目无组织废气监测中有关问题探讨

从了解被测物质的来源,正确设置监测点位、选取合适监测时间等方面出发,结合实际经验,对化工项目无组织废气监测工作中存在的一些疑难问题进行探讨.     

Sludge reduction during brewery wastewater treatment by hydrolyzation-food chain reactor system

During brewery wastewater treatment by a hydrolyzation-food chain reactor (FCR) system, sludge was recycled to the anaerobic segment. With the function of hydrolyzation acidification in the anaerobic segment and the processes of aerobic oxidation and antagonism, predation, interaction and symbiosis among microbes in multilevel oxidation segment, residual sludge could be reduced effectively. The 6-month dynamic experiments show that the average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal ratio was 92.6% and average sludge production of the aerobic segment was 8.14%, with the COD of the influent at 960–1720 mg/L and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 h. Since the produced sludge could be recycled and hydrolyzed in the anaerobic segment, no excess sludge was produced during the steady running for this system.     

Understanding the role of nano-TiO2 on the toxicity of Pb on C. dubia through modeling–Is it additive or synergistic?

• A two-compartment model is able to quantify the effect of nano-TiO₂ on Pb toxicity. • Nano-TiO₂ reduces Pb tolerance level and increased the killing rate for C. dubia. • Thus, nano-TiO₂ synergistically enhances Pb toxicity. • Algae reduce Pb transfer rate to the body tissue and the killing rate. Nano-TiO₂ can remarkably increase lead (Pb) toxicity in aquatic organisms. However, the mechanism of this toxicity, additive or synergistic, is not well understood. To explore this mechanism, we inspected the role of nano-TiO₂ in the toxicity of Pb on Ceriodaphnia dubia (C. dubia), a model water flea species typically used for ecotoxicity studies. The effect of algae, a diet for aquatic organisms, on the effect of this binary mixture was also investigated. A two-compartment toxicokinetic (TK)-toxicodynamic (TD) modeling approach was used to quantify the Pb toxicity under these complex conditions and to develop critical parameters for understanding the mechanism of toxicity. This two-compartment modeling approach adequately described the Pb accumulation in the gut and in the rest of the body tissue under different nano-TiO₂ concentrations, with and without algae, and predicted the toxicity response of C. dubia. It indicated that increasing the nano-TiO₂ concentration reduced the Pb tolerance level and concurrently increased the killing rate constant of C. dubia. Therefore, nano-TiO₂ synergistically enhanced Pb toxicity. Algae remarkably reduced the toxicity of this binary mixture through reducing the Pb transfer rate to the body tissue and the killing rate, although it did not affect the Pb tolerance level. This two-compartment modeling approach is useful in understanding the role of nanoparticles when assessing the overall toxicity of nanoparticles and other toxic elements in the environment.     

氧化-微絮凝-高速过滤应用于再生水生产的研究

以中国北方缺水地区污水再生利用为目标,采用常规滤料双层过滤探讨高速微絮凝、氧化过滤再生水处理技术,试验通过不同的滤料级配、滤层厚度的对比试验;采用3种混凝剂和3种助凝剂做筛选试验,发现采用1#混凝剂,HFO助凝剂做絮凝氧化剂效果较理想,得出高速微絮凝氧化过滤工艺处理城市污水厂二级出水的工艺是可行的。试验装置的滤池单位面积周期产水量为50m3/(m2.h),最佳工艺条件下出水浊度去除率为92.21%,平均浊度为0.889NTU;COD去除率为55.58%,平均为22.33mg/L;PO34--P去除率为84%,平均为0.135mg/L;色度去除率为80.7%,平均为1.45度,完全符合GB/T18920-2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水质》要求。     

丘陵区坡面土壤有机碳及颗粒有机碳分布特征

测定了紫色丘陵区疏林地、荒草地和坡耕地三种土地利用方式下土壤有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量,探讨不同利用方式与坡位下土壤有机碳和土壤颗粒有机碳的分布特征.结果表明:不同土地利用方式下上坡位和中坡位土壤有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量均为疏林地＞坡耕地＞荒草地,而在下坡位两者含量变化差异较大;不同土地利用方式下各坡位土壤剖面有机碳含量均是在0～5 cm层富集,颗粒有机碳的含量也表现出一定在剖面分异性;不同土地利用方式土壤颗粒有机碳分配比例为(0.74±0.01)～(0.34±0.02),不同土地利用方式之间土壤颗粒有机碳分配比例差异较小.相关分析表明,不同利用方式下土壤有机碳、全氮和颗粒有机碳含量之间均呈显著的相关性.     

SBR用于焦化废水生物处理的试验研究

采用SBR工艺对焦化废水的有机物降解和生物脱氮进行了研究。试验结果表明,焦化废水的生物脱氮是以短程硝化/反硝化的途径存在的,而且在好氧阶段存在同时硝化/反硝化(SND)过程。好氧阶段的反硝化效率约占整个反应周期脱氮效率的37.0%。SBR反应器对NH3N的去除效率在95.8%～99.2%,COD的去除率在85.3%～92.6%。由于出水中NO2N的积累,NO2N对COD浓度贡献值得关注。     

环境污染治理工程管理对策分析

随着环境问题的日益突出,环境保护以及环境治理越来越迫切,由于造成环境污染问题的因素特别多,在对污染原因没有明确了解的情况下,盲目的着手进行环境污染治理工作,将会很难达到预期的治理效果。因此,作者从环境污染治理工程管理入手,进一步探索导致环境污染问题日益严重的根本原因,并详细分析加强环境污染治理工程管理的有效方略,旨在提高我国环境污染治理工程管理水平。