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181.
Decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management: applicability in developing countries 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Providing reliable and affordable wastewater treatment in rural areas is a challenge in many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries. The problems and limitations of the centralized approaches for wastewater treatment are progressively surfacing. Centralized wastewater collection and treatment systems are costly to build and operate, especially in areas with low population densities and dispersed households. Developing countries lack both the funding to construct centralized facilities and the technical expertise to manage and operate them. Alternatively, the decentralized approach for wastewater treatment which employs a combination of onsite and/or cluster systems is gaining more attention. Such an approach allows for flexibility in management, and simple as well as complex technologies are available. The decentralized system is not only a long-term solution for small communities but is more reliable and cost effective. This paper presents a review of the various decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management. A discussion as to their applicability in developing countries, primarily in rural areas, and challenges faced is emphasized all through the paper. While there are many impediments and challenges towards wastewater management in developing countries, these can be overcome by suitable planning and policy implementation. Understanding the receiving environment is crucial for technology selection and should be accomplished by conducting a comprehensive site evaluation process. Centralized management of the decentralized wastewater treatment systems is essential to ensure they are inspected and maintained regularly. Management strategies should be site specific accounting for social, cultural, environmental and economic conditions in the target area. 相似文献
182.
Heida L. Diefenderfer Kathryn L. Sobocinski Ronald M. Thom Christopher W. May Amy B. Borde Susan L. Southard John Vavrinec Nichole K. Sather 《Environmental management》2009,44(4):712-731
Planners are being called on to prioritize marine shorelines for conservation status and restoration action. This study documents
an approach to determining the management strategy most likely to succeed based on current conditions at local and landscape
scales. The conceptual framework based in restoration ecology pairs appropriate restoration strategies with sites based on
the likelihood of producing long-term resilience given the condition of ecosystem structures and processes at three scales:
the shorezone unit (site), the drift cell reach (nearshore marine landscape), and the watershed (terrestrial landscape). The
analysis is structured by a conceptual ecosystem model that identifies anthropogenic impacts on targeted ecosystem functions.
A scoring system, weighted by geomorphic class, is applied to available spatial data for indicators of stress and function
using geographic information systems. This planning tool augments other approaches to prioritizing restoration, including
historical conditions and change analysis and ecosystem valuation. 相似文献
183.