六价铬细菌还原的分子机制研究进展

工业化进程中铬(Cr)的广泛使用造成了严重的环境污染,其中Cr(Ⅵ)由于具有致癌、致畸变作用以及极强的水相迁移性使其成为Cr污染的主要形式,而Cr(Ⅲ)在环境中易形成沉淀且毒性较小,因此将Cr(Ⅵ)还原成Cr(Ⅲ)被认为是一种有效的Cr(Ⅵ)污染治理策略.Cr(Ⅵ)还原成Cr(Ⅲ)可以通过化学反应或微生物转化,其中细菌介导的Cr(Ⅵ)还原是一种极具潜力的铬污染修复方式,具有反应温和、能耗低且无二次污染等特点,因此其还原过程的分子机制受到了越来越多的关注.本文总结了已发现的Cr(Ⅵ)还原细菌种类以及在污染治理中的应用,并详细阐述了Cr(Ⅵ)还原的分子途径和具体的功能蛋白,逐级深入的展示了目前已研究的Cr(Ⅵ)细菌还原的分子机制,对目前该领域存在的科学问题及未来的发展方向进行了归纳和总结.     

Isolation,identification, and acetochlor-degrading potential of a novel Rhodococcus sp. MZ-3

A new species of Rhodococcus, designated strain MZ-3, which could degrade acetochlor efficiently were isolated and identified. The isolate could degrade and utilize acetochlor as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy for growth. The optimal conditions for the degradation and growth of MZ-3 were pH 7.0 and 30°C. Under these conditions, this strain could completely degrade 200 mg/L of acetochlor within 12 h of incubation. During the biodegradation process, the enantioselectivity of the strain was investigated using a chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. However, no obvious enantioselectivities were found. 2-chloro-N-(2-methyl-6-ethylphenyl) acetamide (CMEPA) was detected as the intermediate using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. Our results suggest that strain MZ-3 might be a promising microorganism for the bioremediation of acetochlor-contaminated environments because of its acetochlor-degrading performance.     

全球经济一体化中的环境壁垒与我国环境和贸易政策选择

本文纵观全球经济贸易格局和环境问题特点,指出了环境壁垒是影响全球贸易和环境的重要因素,分析了环境壁垒产生的本质,提出了国际贸易的新形势下我国如何实现可持续经济发展的贸易和环境政策。     

Fluoride removal performance of a novel Fe-Al-Ce trimetal oxide adsorbent

A trimetal oxide was developed as a fluoride adsorbent by coprecipitation of Fe(II), Al(III) and Ce(IV) salt solutions with a molar ratio of 1:4:1 under alkaline condition. The material retained amorphous structure and maintained relatively stable fluoride adsorption performance at calcination temperatures lower than 600 degrees C. The optimum pH range for fluoride adsorption was 6.0-6.5 and the adsorbent also showed high defluoridation ability around pH 5.5-7.0, which is preferable for actual application. A high fluoride adsorption capacity of 178 mg g(-1) was acquired under an equilibrium fluoride concentration of 84.5 mg l(-1), adsorbent dose of 150 mg l(-1) and pH 7.0. The adsorption isotherm could be better described by the two-site Langmuir model than the one-site model, suggesting the existence of two types of active sites on the adsorbent surface. Coexistence of high concentrations of phosphate or arsenate only led to partial inhibition of fluoride adsorption, which further suggests the existence of heterogeneous adsorption sites. Sulfate and chloride did not affect fluoride adsorption, and nitrate influenced it only when the concentration of NO(3)(-)-N exceeded 50 mg l(-1). A high desorption efficiency of 97% was achieved by treating fluoride loaded Fe-Al-Ce oxide with NaOH solution at pH 12.2. A column experiment using the adsorbent fabricated into 1mm pellets was performed at an initial fluoride concentration of 5.5 mg l(-1), space velocity of 5h(-1) and pH of 5.8, and 2240 bed volumes were treated with the effluent fluoride under 1.0 mg l(-1).     

碱性工业废水在燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫中的应用

阐述了碱性工业废水脱硫的机理以及p H值、液气比、进气SO2浓度等对脱硫效率的影响。利用碱性工业废水对燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫,其脱硫效率平均可达70%～80%。     

高炉粉尘在铁浴熔融还原发泡过程的研究

确定了在不同条件下铁水熔池熔融还原高炉粉尘发泡过程的曲线.应用试验数据和发泡性能方程,给出了定量描述内生气源发泡过程的发泡和消泡系数、平均发泡寿命和发泡强度等发泡特性参数.由实验结果建议熔池的温度控制在1500℃左右.熔渣中二元碱度在1.2～1.3的范围内,Al₂O₃的含量一般要低于16%,加入高炉粉尘的量不应超过熔渣重量的一半.     

碟形沼泽湿地水中氮的动态变化及影响因素分析

通过对三江平原碟形湿地不同植被类型沼泽水体中氮含量的研究表明,漂筏苔草、毛果苔草和乌拉苔草沼泽水体中各形态氮含量具有明显的季节变化特征.总氮(TN)含量在5-10月份的植物生长季节表现为先增加后降低的趋势,不同植被类型沼泽水体TN含量明显不同.NH4+-N是无机氮的主要存在形态,含量比例在44.81%～98.89%之间.在整个生长季,乌拉苔草沼泽水NH4+-N含量呈先增加后降低的趋势,毛果苔草沼泽水NH4+-N含量在8月份具有峰值,漂筏苔草沼泽水NH4+-N含量较低,波动不大.硝态氮(NO3--N)在生长季中期含量较低,而亚硝态氮(NO2--N)含量较高;生长季末期NO3--N含量增高,而NO2--N含量降低.沼泽水体中不同形态氮浓度与植被类型、植被生长阶段密切相关,并且受到水温、降雨、蒸发、农田排水等因素的影响.     

碳源种类对原位生物解偶联污泥减量系统效能影响

研究以SBBR为对象,考察碳源种类对原位生物解偶联污泥减量系统污泥产率和污水处理效能的影响。研究结果表明,在水温为25℃,挂膜密度为45%,负荷为4.0 kg COD/(m3填料·d),供气量为150 L/h,采用间歇曝气30 min/停曝30 min的方波供氧条件下,碳源种类对原位生物解偶联污泥减量系统效能影响显著。当进水有机质为葡萄糖时,系统污泥产率最小,为0.0292 kg MLSS/kg COD,分别比进水碳源为粪水、乙酸钠、淀粉时减少19.4%、64.8%和99.9%。碳源为葡萄糖时,系统出水COD、NH+4-N、TN分别为41、6.4和17.3 mg/L,可达标排放。     

2种改良土壤渗滤系统对降雨径流中氮的去除

为研究改良土壤渗滤系统对降雨径流中不同形态氮(NH+4-N,NO-3-N,NO-2-N,TN)的去除效果及径流中氮负荷对氮去除率的影响,实验分别以聚氨酯泡沫和人工草皮为改良材料,以降雨径流中的氮为处理对象进行室内模拟研究。结果表明,聚氨酯泡沫土壤渗滤系统及草皮土壤渗滤系统对TN,NH+4-N均具有较好的净化效果,并表现出良好的耐冲击负荷能力。TN平均去除率分别为72.65%和71.07%,NH+4-N平均去除率分别为98.10%和99.09%。2种渗滤系统对NO-3-N去除效果均较差,表现为-420.07%和-171.66%的负去除率。聚氨酯泡沫土壤渗滤系统对NO-2-N的平均去除率为87.29%,高于草皮土壤渗滤系统53.77%的平均去除率。总体上,聚氨酯泡沫土壤渗滤系统对径流中氮的去除效果优于草皮土壤渗滤系统,具有较好的应用前景。     

Bio-SR工艺去除硫化氢气体的研究

采用Bio-SR工艺,利用铁盐吸收与氧化亚铁硫杆菌的联合作用对H2S进行脱除实验。通过改进微生物的培养条件,减少了83.9%的沉淀量,一定程度上解决了挂膜后生物填料塔易堵塞的问题,保证了填料塔的连续运行。在实验选取工况下,硫化氢脱除率可达到98.4%以上,当吸收液中Fe3+浓度为5.5～6 g/L、H2S进气浓度为1 g/m3、通气量为0.08～0.12 m3/h时效果最佳,反应器可持续高效地运行。此外,对进气浓度、通气量与硫化氢去除率之间的相关性进行了进一步研究,其结果有利于反应器及运行参数的优化设计。