Transformation of hazardous lead into aluminosilicate ceramics: structure evolution and lead leaching

This study investigated crystallization mechanisms for the formation of lead aluminosilicate by sintering lead stabilization with kaolin-based precursors. PbAl2Si2O8 was found to be the only stable lead aluminosilicate in low-PbO system and demonstrates its highly intrinsic resistance to acid attack in leaching test. A three-stage PbAl2Si2O8 formation mechanism was supported by the results of the changing temperature in the system. Amorphization of sintered products was observed in both PbO/kaolinite and PbO/mullite systems at 600–700°C. When the temperature was increased to 750–900°C, the crystallochemical formation of lead aluminosilicates (i.e., Pb4Al4Si3O16, Pb6Al6Si2O21, and PbAl2Si2O8) was observed. Pb4Al4Si3O16 and Pb6Al6Si2O21 were found to be the intermediate phases at 700–900°C. Finally, PbAl2Si2O8 was found to be the only crystallite phase to host Pb at above 950°C. A maximum of 80% and 96.7% Pb can be incorporated into PbAl2Si2O8 in PbO/kaolinite and PbO/mullite systems, respectively, but the final products exhibited different microstructures. To reduce environmental hazard of lead, this strategy demonstrated a preferred mechanism of immobilizing lead into PbAl2Si2O8 structure via kaolin-based precursors.     

铁炭复配修复地下水中NO_3~--N的条件研究

采用了铁炭复配修复地下水中NO3--N,探讨了实验条件对修复效果的影响。结果表明,在pH值近中性条件(初始pH 6.42)下,反应时间为1 h时NO3--N修复率达到60.85%;Fe/C=1∶1时介质最佳用量分别为4~5 g;Fe/C=1/1.5时修复率为72.80%;反应速率在高振荡强度下大于低振荡强度;氧化铜的催化效果最好,可使修复率提高7.5个百分点。铁炭复配介质修复地下水中NO3--N是有效可行的,修复率随反应时间的增加而提高,在Fe/C=1∶1时修复率与介质用量呈正相关,无限减小Fe/C比并不能无限提高修复率,振荡强度对修复具有显著影响,低振荡强度下的修复过程较高强度存在滞后现象,并非所有金属氧化物催化剂对铁炭修复NO3--N均有促进作用。     

植物配置对表层流湿地净化效果的影响研究

以郑州市贾鲁河河水为处理对象,研究了不同植物配置表层流湿地的水质净化效果及影响因素。研究表明,单纯挺水植物湿地对TN、TP、NH4+-N和COD的平均去除率分别为28%、58%、49%和26%;采用沉水植物+浮叶植物+挺水植物组合的湿地对TN、TP、NH4+-N和COD的平均去除率分别为37%、64%、63%和32%,在对NH4+-N和TN的处理效果上表现出明显的优势,DO含量变化是导致处理效果差异的主要原因。研究结果表明,在湿地植物配置上,可从氮循环的角度,通过合理搭配湿地植物,强化硝化反硝化作用,以提高对氮素的去除效果。     

四川发展农业循环经济的现状及问题

介绍了四川省地形地貌、人口与农业资源概况,分析了四川发展农业循环经济的现状和模式,提出了四川发展农业循环经济的关键问题。     

中国能源生态足迹的时空动态特征及效应分析

运用生态足迹方法计算出1990—2007年中国能源消费的生态足迹。在此基础上,分析了能源足迹强度(EFI)、能源足迹生态压力(EPIEF)的时空动态变化特征。结果表明,近20年来我国能源足迹波动上升,能源消费结构有所改善,但煤炭足迹仍占主导,近几年又有回升趋势;能源足迹强度呈幂指数衰减,能源利用效率不断提高;EPIEF呈上升趋势,说明能源利用对自然生态系统的压力逐渐增大。在空间分布上,各省区能源足迹差异显著,能源足迹强度由西向东逐渐降低,而EPIEF则由西向东呈增大趋势。依据EPIEF指数将中国30个省区划分为能源足迹生态盈余区(EPIEF1)、生态轻度亏损区(1EPIEF5)和生态严重亏损区(EPIEF5)3种类型。     

Potential toxicity of amphenicol antibiotic: binding of chloramphenicol to human serum albumin

Antibiotics are widely used in daily life but their abuse has posed a potential threat to human health. To evaluate the toxicity of chloramphenicol (CAP) at the protein level, the interaction between CAP and human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated by fluorescence, Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and molecular docking methods. Fluorescence data revealed that the fluorescence quenching of HSA by CAP was the result of the formation of CAP–HSA complex, and the binding constant was determined to be 3.196?×?10⁴ L mol^?1 at 310 K. The thermodynamic determination indicated that the interaction was driven by enthalpy change and entropy change together, where the multiple hydrogen bonds (CAP and the residues Arg 222 and His 242 of HSA) and van der Waals forces were the dominant binding force. The site marker competition revealed that CAP bound into sub-domain IIA of HSA. The binding of CAP induced the drastic reduction in α-helix conformation and the significant enhancement in β-sheet conformation of HSA. Molecular docking study further confirmed the binding mode obtained by experimental study. This work provides a new quantitative evaluation method for antibiotics to cause the protein damage.     

干旱区盐渍地景观危险度评价方法——以新疆渭干河-库车河流域为例

土壤的盐渍化是干旱区农业发展的主要障碍,也是影响绿洲生态环境稳定的重要因素。利用破碎度(C)、分离度(F)、优势度(D)等景观格局指数及景观脆弱度(S)建立了盐渍化景观危险度(SR)评价指数以研究渭干河-库车河流域盐渍化地的危险程度。选择新疆渭干河-库车河流域1989年和2001年Landsat-TM图像为本底数据,结合野外调查样本进行实例验证。研究表明,在12年期间,由于研究区内人类活动不断加强,景观结构变化导致盐渍化景观危险度指数明显增高,综合盐渍化危险度指数(SCR)由0.4832上升到0.5234,盐渍化危险度有扩大的趋势,评价结果与实际情况有较好的一致性。该方法对提高不同干旱区域土壤盐渍地危险度评价的准确性及定量化具有一定的参考意义。     

基于MODIS的渍害田和正常农田遥感特性对比研究

渍害田在我国南方地区分布广泛,严重影响农业生产。以四湖流域洪湖地区为实验区,基于渍害田的物理及生态特性来探讨渍害田遥感识别特性。利用2002～2011年MODIS产品,辅以土壤图、土地覆被数据,对比分析了正常农田及渍害田在反照率、增强型植被指数（EVI）、地表夜温、地表温差和表观热惯量的时相差异;并结合相关研究成果加以解释和验证。结果表明：一年中大部分时段,正常农田的反照率、EVI、地表温差都大于渍害田,而地表夜温、表观热惯量都低于渍害田;各指标的多年平均值也具有类似差别;渍害田的EVI在6、7月份比正常农田高, 可能是由于渍害田在雨、热、肥条件同时良好时比正常农田生长的更快。研究结果可为进一步准确识别渍害田空间分布及其动态变化     

基于高性能GPU计算的城市建筑群震害模拟

为适应不断提高的震害预测需求,精细化模型已经成为城市区域震害预测的主要发展方向。然而传统的基于CPU平台的计算方法成本过高,使得精细化模型的应用受限。近年来,GPU技术由于其强大的并行计算能力和较为低廉的价格优势,在通用计算领域得到了快速的发展和应用。基于GPU-CPU协同计算技术,建立了城市区域震害的计算模拟方法,显著缩短了城市区域震害预测的时间。并采用该方法对某中型城市的真实震害进行了模拟应用,展示了GPU技术在大区域城市建筑群震害模拟中的独特优势。