基于安全度与运营格局的油库选址优先级评价方法研究

从安全性和运营角度对油库选址的影响因素及评价指标分析对油库的安全稳定及有效运营具有重要的意义。该文选取与安全和运营有关的人口企业数量、安全管理能力、消防设施规划、地形地质条件、铁路公路数量、市场投资收益、政策支持情况等影响因子进行重要性及合理程度分析,综合运用安全度与运营格局影响因素多元耦合关系,构建了油库区安全与运营评价体系,改进了原有的模糊层次法评价模型,并对某油库区安全度与运营格局进行了评估验证。结果表明:利用改进模糊层次法能够较好地评价不同地址的优先级,评价模型具有一定应用性,能够对不同地址的特点及评价权重进行有效分析,可见油库选址优先级评价方法是实用且有效的。该研究方法及结果可以为油库区地址的优选提供一定参考与建议。     

磷酸改性生物炭-LDHs(Mg-Al-NO3)复合材料对双酚A的吸附

本研究选取油菜秸秆为原料,在600℃下热解得到生物炭和磷酸改性生物炭,并用共沉淀法制备3种改性生物炭-LDHs(Mg-Al-NO_3)复合材料.采用批量吸附法研究不同pH、吸附时间和不同生物炭/LDHs配比条件下复合材料对双酚A的吸附特性,借助XRD、FTIR和BET等测试手段探究了复合材料吸附双酚A的机制.结果表明,改性生物炭-LDHs(Mg-Al-NO_3)复合材料吸附双酚A的吸附平衡时间为4 h,符合准二级动力学方程(R~20.99);复合材料对双酚A的吸附效果稍逊于改性生物炭,改性生物炭在复合材料中所占比重越大,吸附效果越好.当pH值在5.0—9.0范围内变化时,改性生物炭-LDHs(Mg-Al-NO_3)复合材料对双酚A的吸附量呈下降趋势,且在pH=9.0时达到最小值.等温吸附模型数据表明,复合材料用Freundlich等温吸附模型效果更好.通过XRD、BET、FTIR测试研究发现,由于LDHs占据了生物炭表面的活性位点,致使生物炭与双酚A之间的相互作用减弱,降低了复合物的吸附能力.本研究结果初步阐释了改性生物炭-LDHs(Mg-Al-NO_3)复合材料吸附双酚A的机理,为生物炭-LDHs复合材料处理水体中有机污染物的应用提供了借鉴和参考.     

Biological conversion pathways of sulfate reduction ammonium oxidation in anammox consortia

• The SRAO phenomena tended to occur only under certain conditions. • High amount of biomass and non-anaerobic condition is requirement for SRAO. • Anammox bacteria cannot oxidize ammonium with sulfate as electron acceptor. • AOB and AnAOB are mainly responsible for ammonium conversion. • Heterotrophic sulfate reduction mainly contributed to sulfate conversion. For over two decades, sulfate reduction with ammonium oxidation (SRAO) had been reported from laboratory experiments. SRAO was considered an autotrophic process mediated by anammox bacteria, in which ammonium as electron donor was oxidized by the electron acceptor sulfate. This process had been attributed to observed transformations of nitrogenous and sulfurous compounds in natural environments. Results obtained differed largely for the conversion mole ratios (ammonium/sulfate), and even the intermediate and final products of sulfate reduction. Thus, the hypothesis of biological conversion pathways of ammonium and sulfate in anammox consortia is implausible. In this study, continuous reactor experiments (with working volume of 3.8L) and batch tests were conducted under normal anaerobic (0.2≤DO<0.5 mg/L) / strict anaerobic (DO<0.2 mg/L) conditions with different biomass proportions to verify the SRAO phenomena and identify possible pathways behind substrate conversion. Key findings were that SRAO occurred only in cases of high amounts of inoculant biomass under normal anaerobic condition, while absent under strict anaerobic conditions for same anammox consortia. Mass balance and stoichiometry were checked based on experimental results and the thermodynamics proposed by previous studies were critically discussed. Thus anammox bacteria do not possess the ability to oxidize ammonium with sulfate as electron acceptor and the assumed SRAO could, in fact, be a combination of aerobic ammonium oxidation, anammox and heterotrophic sulfate reduction processes.     

Treatment and desalination of domestic wastewater for water reuse in a four-chamber microbial desalination cell

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Microbial desalination cells (MDCs) have been studied for contaminant removal from wastewater and salinity reduction in saline water. However, in an...     

夏季太湖蓝藻水华暴发与臭氧污染的关联性

夏季受东南季风、湖流等因素影响,太湖蓝藻向西北部水域集聚,该区域平均藻密度可高达1×109个/L以上,其中蓝藻集中堆积的近湖岸区域藻类密度更高,蓝藻在不同生命阶段释放的藻源性VOCs的成分谱和产生量有较大差异,其中烯烃和有机胺反应活性较强。蓝藻水华高发期太湖西岸非甲烷总烃的浓度约为常州市区的3.3倍,日变化趋势符合蓝藻代谢规律。太湖西部蓝藻水华、湖西区的非甲烷总烃浓度和臭氧污染程度时空变化规律表明:太湖西部(宜兴)是整个流域臭氧污染最严重的区域,其臭氧污染的形成与太湖蓝藻水华暴发有关联性。     

Bioaccumulation of zinc,lead, copper,and cadmium from contaminated sediments by native plant species and Acrida cinerea in South China

This research was conducted to search and identify spontaneously growing heavy metal-tolerant plant species that are potentially useful for phytoremediation in contaminated sediment. Five sites were selected for collection of plants growing on polluted shore (river bank) sediment of the Xiang River, China. The concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd in plants, sediments, and grasshoppers were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS700, Perkin-Elmer, USA). Considering translocation factor and bioaccumulation factor, Rumex crispus (Polygonaceae), Rumex dentatus (Polygonaceae), and Lagopsis supina (Labiatae) could be potentially useful for phytostabilization of metals. R. crispus can be considered potentially useful for phytoextraction of Cd. In light of the biomagnification factors, grasshoppers are deconcentrators for Pb and Cd, microconcentrators for Zn and macroconcentrators for Cu to the plants, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report on Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd accumulation in R. crispus and L. supina, providing a pioneer contribution to the very small volume of data available on the potential use of native plant species from contaminated sediments in phytostabilization and phytoremediation technologies.     

Carbonyl emissions from vehicular exhausts sources in Hong Kong

Vehicular emission (VE) is one of the important anthropogenic sources for airborne carbonyls in urban area. Six types of VE-dominated samples were collected at representative locations in Hong Kong where polluted by a particular fueled type of vehicles, including (i) a gas refilling taxis station (liquefied petroleum gas [LPG] emission); (ii) a light-duty passenger car park (gasoline emission); (iii) a minibus station (diesel emission); (iv) a single-deck-bus depot (diesel emission); (v) a double-deck-bus depot (diesel emission); and (vi) a whole-food market entrance for light- and heavy-duty vehicles (diesel emission). A total of 15 carbonyls in the samples were quantified. Formaldehyde was the most abundant carbonyl among the VE-dominated samples, and its contribution to the total quantified amount on a molar basis ranged from 54.8% to 60.8%. Acetaldehyde and acetone were the next two abundant carbonyls. The carbonyls were quantified at three roadside locations in Hong Kong. The highest concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, 22.7 +/- 8.4 and 6.0 +/- 2.8 microg/m3, respectively, were determined in the samples collected at a main transportation gate for goods between Hong Kong and Mainland China. The total quantified carbonyl concentration, 37.9 +/- 9.3 microg/m3, was the highest at an entrance of a cross-harbor tunnel in downtown area. The theoretical carbonyls compositions of the three roadside locations were estimated according to the VE-dominated sample profiles and the statistics on vehicle numbers and types during the sampling period. The measured compositions of formaldehyde were much higher than the theoretical compositions in summer, demonstrating that photochemical reactions significantly contributed to the formaldehyde production in the roadsides.     

火电燃料消费过程对资源环境的影响评估

我国以化石能源为主要燃料的火电生产导致了严重的资源枯竭和环境污染问题，定量评估火电燃料消费对资源环境的影响是区域可持续发展研究的重要内容。在估算火电燃料燃烧及运输、生产过程中排放的主要大气污染物的基础上，利用成分法计算相应的生态足迹，定量评估火电燃料消费过程对资源环境的影响。结果表明：我国1 kW〖DK〗·h火电的燃料消费过程中排放的CO2、CH4、NOx、SO2、烟尘分别为107 kg、993×10-3 kg、646×10-3 kg、260×10-3 kg、202×10-2 kg；全国火电燃料消费占用的生态足迹由2000年的50 67444万hm2，增加到2007年的123 84208万hm2，年均增长1362％；CO2和NOx的生态足迹平均比重高达836％，是影响资源环境的主要因子，SO2、烟尘与CH4三者合计仅164%，对资源环境的冲击相对较小     

燃煤电厂产生和排放的PM2.5中水溶性离子特征

为了认识我国燃煤电厂一次PM2.5排放特征,并定量评估大规模开展烟气脱硫与脱硝对其影响,本研究选取了国内一个煤粉炉电厂和一个循环流化床电厂,对其产生和排放的PM2.5进行现场测试,并进行水溶性离子组分的分析.结果表明,在所测的这两个电厂中,循环流化床电厂产生的PM2.5的质量浓度高于煤粉炉电厂产生的PM2.5的质量浓度,但是这两个电厂排放的PM2.5的质量浓度相当.产生此结果的主要原因是该循环流化床电厂配备的电袋复合除尘器比煤粉炉电厂的普通电除尘器对PM2.5去除效率更高.煤粉炉电厂产生PM2.5中水溶性离子浓度低于循环流化床电厂,但是煤粉炉电厂排放PM2.5中水溶性离子浓度却远远高于循环流化床电厂,表明煤粉炉电厂排放的PM2.5受脱硫和脱硝设施的影响较大.煤粉炉烟气脱硝过程中可能形成硫酸雾,烟气中的部分硫酸雾和过剩的NH3反应生成NH4HSO4进入颗粒相,同时降低了PM2.5的p H值;而脱硫过程中脱硫液的夹带也会导致NH+4和SO2-4进入PM2.5.所以,虽然两个电厂产生的PM2.5中水溶性离子均以Ca2+和SO2-4为主,但煤粉炉排放PM2.5中的水溶性离子则以NH+4和SO2-4为主.     

An improved method used for evaluating potential environmental pollution risk based on spatial distribution and density of farms

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The livestock manure nitrogen load on farmland (LMNLF) is often used to assess the potential environmental pollution risk of livestock manure nitrogen...