The principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR) has been a policy paradigm behind the development of waste policies in the European Union including the End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) Directive (2000/53/EC). This study compares and explains the environmental effectiveness of the ELV programmes in the United Kingdom and in Sweden between 1990 and 2005, using a framework that integrates the Dutch approach to policy network analysis (PNA) with a theory-based evaluation (TBE). It finds that: (1) the perception of the producers towards EPR can be influenced largely by their social interaction with other actors, (2) the announcement of policies, and (3) the cohesion of policy instruments are key factors affecting the effectiveness of the programmes. As the latter two depend on the determination and comprehension of national governments, the transposition of the EU EPR Directives might not automatically lead to effective implementation and intended outcomes unless the Member States adhere to the principle and the development of its intervention theory. 相似文献
To make a comprehensive assessment on monosodium glutamate (MSG) wastewater pollution, a pollution exposure experiment was
carried out on the seed germination and root elongation of wheat, Chinese cabbage and tomato by using the wastewater discharged
from different processing phases of MSG production. The results showed that there were significantly positive linear relationships
between the inhibitory rates of wheat seed germination and root elongation and the CODcr of the mother liquor scraps. The toxicity of MSG wastewater to the test crops was in the order of tomato > Chinese cabbage
> wheat, indicating that tomato was the most sensitive to the wastewater, and could be considered as an ideal toxic bioindicator.
The half-effect concentrations (IC50) based on the seed germination and root elongation of the test crops exposed to the wastewater discharged from various processing
phases of MSG production was 22.0–32 432 and 17.3–3320 mg/L, respectively.
Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(7): 1286–1290 [译自: 应用生态学报] 相似文献
A campaign was conducted to assess and compare the personal exposure in L3 of Tianjin subway, focusing on PM2.5 levels, chemical compositions, morphology analysis, as well as the health risk of heavy metal in PM2.5. The results indicated that the average concentration of the PM2.5 was 151.43 μg/m3 inside the train of the subway during rush hours. PM2.5 concentrations inside car under the ground are higher than those on the ground, and PM2.5 concentrations on the platform are higher than those inside car. Regarding metal concentrations, the highest element in PM2.5 samples was Fe; the level of which is 17.55 μg/m3. OC is a major component of PM2.5 in Tianjin subway. Secondary organic carbon is the formation of gaseous organic pollutants in subway. SEM–EDX and TEM–EDX exhibit the presence of individual particle with a large metal content in the subway samples. For small Fe metal particles, iron oxide can be formed easily. With regard to their sources, Fe-containing particles are generated mainly from mechanical wear and friction processes at the rail–wheel–brake interfaces. The non-carcinogenic risk to metals Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb, and carcinogenic hazard of Cr and Ni were all below the acceptable level in L3 of Tianjin subway.