离子液体预处理纤维素及木质纤维素的研究进展

稳定性好、溶解能力强的离子液体,能够快速瓦解木质纤维素网络结构,提高纤维素酶的可及度和酶解效率,可大幅度降低预处理成本。本文综述了常见离子液体的组成、离子液体对木质纤维素的溶解分离等预处理方法及其原理。     

乌江流域石灰土中铀等元素形态与铀活性

以中国西南乌江流域石灰土为例，运用逐级提取(Sequential Extraction，SEE)技术，并结合化学成分和相关参数数据，研究了石灰土中铀(U)等元素的形态，并在此基础上探讨了石灰土中U的活动性及释放潜力，旨在增进对U等元素生物地球化学循环的了解，同时也为流域U污染防治提供科学依据。研究结果表明：①石灰土中Mn主要存在于锰(氢)氧化物中，Ca主要存在于碳酸盐和硅酸盐矿物中，P主要存在于硅酸盐矿物和有机质中，U主要赋存于硅酸盐等残留部分中，其次赋存于有机质结合部分和碳酸盐矿物中；②石灰土剖面中活动态U所占的比例为10%~30%，平均17%，说明石灰土中的部分U在酸性和氧化-还原界面等条件下具有一定的迁移活性，即在上述条件下，石灰土中的部分U可释放进入周围水体或植物中；③石灰土中U的潜在释放量为036~150 g/t，平均U潜在释放量为076 g/t，因此，在酸雨和侵蚀等作用下，石灰土U释放可显著提高乌江河水U通量。     

Ti02光催化剂的掺杂改性和固定化研究

纳米TiO2作为光催化剂,由于其化学性质稳定、无毒、价廉等优点,使得纳米TiO2光催化氧化技术在环境领域具有广阔的应用前景,而针对其对可见光利用率低,光生电子一空穴对易复合,在使用过程中回收难,光催化效率不高等问题,近年来科研人员致力于Ti02光催化剂的改性和固定化研究。本文介绍了掺杂改性的不同方法及负载技术的研究进展,其中包括贵金属沉积、金属离子掺杂、非金属掺杂、共掺杂、表面光敏化、复合半导体等,并提出了TiO2光催化剂今后的研究方向及存在的问题。     

Pd/Fe0双金属复合催化纤维降解水中痕量亚硝基二甲胺

存在于环境水体中的亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)是一种强致癌性有机物,采用零价铁催化还原技术可以将其降解转化为低毒性物质,针对水中痕量NDMA的去除,需要深入开展基于高效零价铁材料、还原性能及还原机制方面的研究.以聚丙烯(PP)纤维为基材,采用紫外辐射接枝-金属离子配位-化学还原方法制备了含Pd/Fe~0双金属的复合催化纤维(Pd/Fe~0-PP-gAA),开展水中亚硝基二甲胺的去除研究.通过SEM、ICP-AES和XPS分析等对Pd/Fe~0/PP-g-AA进行表征.研究了不同制备条件和反应条件下,复合催化纤维对NDMA的降解性能.结果表明,丙烯酸单体质量分数为20%时,通过配位还原制备的复合催化纤维对NDMA的催化降解效果最佳,降解过程符合准一级反应动力学模型.在痕量浓度范围,NDMA初始浓度和溶液pH对复合纤维还原NDMA的性能影响不大.CO_3~(2-)和NO_3~-的存在显著抑制NDMA的降解,SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-和腐殖酸的存在对NDMA降解影响较小.     

Accumulation and remobilization of metals in superficial sediments in Tianjin, China

The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in superficial sediment samples collected from three representative sites (Yuqiao Reservoir, Haihe River, and Haihe River Estuary) in Tianjin, North China, were analyzed using various single extraction and sequential extraction procedures to determine their remobilization, extractability, and distribution patterns. Sediments from the Haihe River had higher metal concentrations and geo-accumulation indices, especially for Cd and Zn, than sediments from the other two sites, suggesting that the Haihe River has been heavily influenced by anthropogenic activities. In addition, over 31% and 28.2% of the total Cd in the Haihe River and the Yuqiao Reservoir, respectively, and 18.2% of the total Zn in the Haihe River were found to be associated with the exchangeable form, indicating the significant remobilization of Cd and Zn when compared with Cr and Ni. However, over 98% of the Ni and 78% of the Cr were most closely associated with the residue and oxidizable fractions, which resulted in their becoming environmentally immobile. Based on the Environmental Protection Agency method 3050B, Cd and Zn had the greatest extraction efficiency when a single extraction procedure using 0.5-mol L^???1 HCl, 0.43-mol L^???1 HAcO, and 0.05-mol L^???1 ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid was conducted, with extraction yields of up to 72%, 68%, and 56% for Cd and 50%, 49%, and 29% for Zn, respectively, being obtained for the Haihe River sediments. This was followed by the yields of Cu and Pb and, finally, those of unpolluted metals such as Cr and Ni. HCl and acetic acid extraction provided equivalent information for predicting Cd and Zn mobility in the sediments studied and produced suitable results for quick screening.     

硫酸盐对污泥高级厌氧消化过程中甲基汞迁移转化的影响

为研究污泥高级厌氧消化过程中甲基汞的迁移转化特征以及硫酸盐对污泥厌氧消化过程中汞形态迁移转化的影响,本研究以高温热水解污泥的厌氧消化为研究对象,考察了不同硫酸盐投加浓度下污泥厌氧消化过程中甲基汞的迁移转化特征.结果表明,污泥厌氧消化初期(第1～3 d)发生了汞的甲基化作用,平均甲基汞/总汞比例由0.024%(比值范围为0.019%～0.033%)增加到0.038%(比值范围为0.030%～0.048%),甲基汞净增量分别增加了3.97、 6.09、 0.17、 3.71和1.66倍,随后第3～5 d却发生了明显的汞去甲基化作用,甲基汞净增量降低了71.25%(范围为67.42%～75.10%).硫酸盐对厌氧消化初期汞的甲基化有一定的抑制,而厌氧消化后期,硫酸盐对汞甲基化影响并不明显,这与带电基团HgHS~-_2、 HgS_2~(2-)降低了中性汞络合物的生物有效性及铁硫化物、硫化汞等对S~(2-)和生物可利用态汞的固定作用有关.通过冗余分析,汞的甲基化受到多种环境因素的影响,丙酸、异丁酸和异戊酸等有机质和Fe可能促进汞甲基化,而蛋白质和较高的pH值可能是污泥厌氧消化过程中汞甲基化的抑制因子.     

An antifouling catechol/chitosan-modified polyvinylidene fluoride membrane for sustainable oil-in-water emulsions separation

• Underwater superoleophobic membrane was fabricated by deposition of catechol/chitosan. • The membrane had ultrahigh pure water flux and was stable under harsh pH conditions. • The membrane exhibited remarkable antifouling property in O/W emulsion separation. • The hydration layer on the membrane surface prevented oil droplets adhesion. Low-pressure membrane filtrations are considered as effective technologies for sustainable oil/water separation. However, conventional membranes usually suffer from severe pore clogging and surface fouling, and thus, novel membranes with superior wettability and antifouling features are urgently required. Herein, we report a facile green approach for the development of an underwater superoleophobic microfiltration membrane via one-step oxidant-induced ultrafast co-deposition of naturally available catechol/chitosan on a porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) substrate. Membrane morphology and surface chemistry were studied using a series of characterization techniques. The as-prepared membrane retained the original pore structure due to the ultrathin and uniform catechol/chitosan coating. It exhibited ultrahigh pure water permeability and robust chemical stability under harsh pH conditions. Moreover, the catechol/chitosan hydrophilic coating on the membrane surface acting as an energetic barrier for oil droplets could minimize oil adhesion on the surface, which endowed the membrane with remarkable antifouling property and reusability in a cyclic oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion separation. The modified membrane exhibited a competitive flux of ~428 L/(m²·h·bar) after three filtration cycles, which was 70% higher than that of the pristine PVDF membrane. These results suggest that the novel underwater superoleophobic membrane can potentially be used for sustainable O/W emulsions separation, and the proposed green facile modification approach can also be applied to other water-remediation materials considering its low cost and simplicity.     

土壤中无机钠盐对不同形态Cu含量的影响

采用TESSIER连续提取法研究了不同种类、不同加入量的无机钠盐对土壤中不同形态Cu含量的影响。结果表明,对于可交换态Cu,3种无机钠盐的加入均使其含量减少,其中NaCl的影响最大,4、8g/kg的NaCl分别使其减少了28.13%(质量分数,下同)和50.59%;对于碳酸盐结合态Cu,3种无机钠盐的加入均使其含量增加,其中Na2CO3(8g/kg)对其影响最大;对于铁锰氧化态Cu,Na2SO4和Na2CO3的加入使其含量先升高后降低,NaCl则使其含量降低;有机结合态Cu受Na2SO4和Na2CO3的影响较大,在它们的影响下含量均增加;残渣态Cu在3种无机钠盐的影响下变化幅度均很大,其中4、8g/kg的Na2SO4分别使其含量减少了47.47%和62.21%。     

Combined effects of carbon nanotubes and cadmium on the photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant response of wheat seedlings

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A detailed study of nanomaterials has revealed their broad application prospects. However, the presence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the environment...